(Fall 2017, New Gretna, New Jersey): Viking continues its dominance of the sportfishing yacht industry with the Viking 68, a four-stateroom blue-water convertible with unmatched performance, bulletproof construction, luxury interior accommodations and advanced propulsion and boat-control technologies. The 68 C is designed and engineered to function equally as well as a tournament-ready offshore runner and a cruising yacht with all the conveniences and technology that you’ve come to expect from Viking. The optional Seakeeper gyro stabilizer heightens the level of comfort during both fishing and cruising activities. Anglers do battle in a 176-square foot cockpit, while guests can watch from an air-conditioned observation mezzanine. Running on Viking’s proven hull shape with a 12.1-degree transom deadrise, this beautiful battlewagon delivers a soft ride in rough seas, with a 35-knot cruising speed and a top end approaching 40-plus knots. An aggressively raked stem, gently sloping sheer, swept-back black-masked windshield and flying bridge brow present a powerful yet elegant picture.
ACCOMMODATIONS
Step inside the deckhouse and enter a world of luxury, comfort, convenience and smart storage solutions. The four-stateroom, four-head arrangement is sure to please the most fastidious yachtsman as well as the most particular tournament fishermen. A high-gloss walnut finish decorates the entire interior, and the salon is a blueprint of intelligent form and function, utilizing the wide beam to its maximum potential.
From the electrically operated salon door to the pop-up 49-inch HD TV to the day head with cockpit access to the engineered-stone countertops in the galley, the 68 Convertible flows with luxury conveniences and amenities for comfortable onboard livability.
Frameless windows fill the spacious salon with an abundance of natural lighting. Air conditioning flows from hidden registers behind valances to better distribute cooling air and reduce noise. We’ve placed the electrical panel directly inside the companionway door at eye level for quick access and operation.
Open to the salon, the 68 C’s walk-around island galley maximizes space while serving as a prime socializing area that’s loaded with modern conveniences, including Sub-Zero under- counter refrigeration, and pull-out drawers on aircraft-type slide mechanisms that lock in place for safe keeping. Opposite the galley, a large dinette easily accommodates four adults for dinner and additional bar-stool seating is available at the island galley counter.
With a layout that puts the companionway to port, the starboard master stateroom “is nearly the full beam of the boat, which means you have the space for convenient storage areas such as his-and-her hanging lockers and credenzas,” says David. “This is a convenience that’s a difference-maker, one that owners love.” The master includes a queen-size walkaround bed a maple-lined hanging closet with walnut doors, 32-inch HD TV and ensuite head with separate shower.
The forward stateroom has a walkaround queen size bed that lifts to reveal a cavernous stowage compartment below. The starboard and crew staterooms feature upper and lower berths and each is served with a private head and stall shower. The crew quarters are discretely located, accessed via a separate set of steps off the companionway.
COCKPIT
Observation mezzanine with port aft facing lounge seating with Sunbrella-covered cushions, hinged seats, tackle cabinet with pullout drawers and bait freezer. Standard amenities in the cockpit also include a one-piece anodized aluminum ladder to the bridge, rounded coamings, recessed stainless-steel hardware, a stereo and speakers, a large lazarette hatch, fresh and saltwater washdown systems, a refrigerated chill box in the salon entrance step so you can stay close to the action throughout the day, a walk-through transom door with lift gate, a molded nonslip fiberglass sole with aluminum plate reinforcement for fighting chair placement, flush rod holders, tackle and gaff stowage, in-deck fishwell with a macerator pump discharge and stowage compartments for gear and an available circulating livewell. For dockside versatility, port and starboard Glendinning Cablemaster shore power cords are provided.
FLYBRIDGE
The flying bridge sports a center console helm providing superb visibility to all quarters. Electronic trolling valves allow maximum control on the trolling grounds. Fishing rods stow neatly under port and starboard bench seats, while electronics nest safely beneath a clear acrylic panel on centerline, which keeps them dry in any weather yet always within easy view. Forward of the helm is an additional freezer and bench seat.
While this proven arrangement is a favorite with tournament fishermen, a climate controlled enclosed bridge with a spiral staircase from the salon also is available, a popular plan with cruising yachtsmen. In addition to providing comfort and convenience, the enclosed bridge serves a second salon and private retreat. The forward control station has all the necessary control switches, lighted instrument and engines controls along with VIPER (Viking Independent Programmable Electro-hydraulic Rudder) steering system. A second station is located on the flying bridge overhang for excellent visibility when docking or fishing.
MECHANICALS/ENGINEROOM
The stand-up engineroom features Viking’s leading edge powder-coated web-frame structural-steel engine beds, which are mounted on dedicated transversals for vibration-free, engine and drive train alignment. Standard fuel capacity is 2,060 gallons in Viking-made fiberglass fuel tanks, which are nestled in the hull and fiberglassed into place. The tanks mirror the hull bottom to maximize draw and range and in so doing also contribute to hull strength. If desired, fuel capacity can be increased to 2,423 gallons.
As with all Viking yachts, custom electronic packages and tuna towers can be ordered and professionally installed by our sister companies Atlantic Marine Electronics and Palm Beach Towers respectively for turn-key delivery and utmost satisfaction and performance.
Length Overall (LOA):
68 ft. 7 in. (20.90 m)
Beam:
19 ft. 2 in. (5.84 m)
Draft:
5 ft. 5 in. (1.65 m)
* Gross Weight:
115,306 lbs. (52,302 k)
Fuel Capacity:
2,060 gals. (7,798 ltrs)
Water Capacity:
344 gals. (1,302 ltrs)
Cockpit Area:
176 sq. ft. (16.4 sq. m)
* Standard Fuel Load
MAN / V12 1550CRM 1550 MHP Base
MAN / V12 2000CRM 2000 MHP Option
CAT / C32A 1925CRM 1925 MHP Option
CAT / C32B 2025CRM 2025 MHP Option
CAT / C32B 2400CRM 2433 MHP Option
MTU Series 2000 / V12 M96X 2002 MHP Option
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Please Note:
Due to product improvements, changes during the model year and/or transcription errors that may occur, information represented within this website may not be accurate at the time of your purchase. If certain information is significant to your purchasing decision, please confirm the information with your dealer.
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Viking 68 Boat Review
By Capt. Jen Copeland
Updated: May 8, 2018
With a coveted invitation to Viking Yacht Company’s annual VIP preview event in hand, I set out to see what the company had in store for 2018 and beyond. The New Gretna, New Jersey, builder’s new 68 Convertible undeniably proves that Viking is living up to its company motto of building a better boat every day. After my sea trial, I caught up with Viking vice president of sales Joe Schwab and senior project engineer Bill Gibbons, who offered insight on the company’s newest addition to its fleet of sport-fishing thoroughbreds.
At first glance, there is no mistaking the sleek styling and clean lines of a Viking Yacht ; the new 68-footer is no exception. In fact, the boat’s profile is quite striking.
“Our evolution from one model to another incorporates what we learn from the last build to the next, improving as we get feedback from our demo team and our customers,” says Schwab. “We put our best foot forward with every boat we build,” says Gibbons. Assisting the Viking Design and Engineering Department from inception to post-delivery, and with more than 3,000 Viking builds in his 42-year tenure with the company, Gibbons expects excellence with every new model. “We have great technology to help ensure our ideas come to fruition, but it’s still exciting every time I hit the throttles for the first time. We nailed it again with the 68.”
68’7″
19’2″
5’5″
115,306 lb.*
2,060 gal. std.**
344 gal.
Twin 1,945 hp MTU Series 2000***
*with standard fuel load; **2,423 gal. optional; ***optional
Cockpit and Flybridge
Viking prides itself on the outstanding fishability of its boats. Its demonstrator teams fish hard on tournament circuits on the East and Gulf coasts and in the Pacific. Having built two Vikings myself, I can attest to the fact that the boats are well laid out in every respect. The cockpit of the 68 proves that form follows function, with plenty of room for mates and anglers to work during a busy day offshore. With 176 square feet set in golden teak, the mezzanine-equipped 68’s cockpit boasts a tremendous amount of usable space while keeping all necessary connections, cabinets, storage lockers and refrigeration out of sight but easily accessible. Tackle storage is abundant, and all the necessities are within easy reach. The boat can easily switch gears from South Florida sailfishing to big blue marlin in Bermuda and never miss a beat.
The center console design of the flybridge allows for three helm chairs in a complete walkaround style, with under-storage bench seats port and starboard and a two-person jump seat forward of the helm. The massive, temperature-controlled refrigeration box in the brow has plenty of room for bait or food when traveling for extended periods. A chiller box is easily accessible by the helmsman aft of the bench seat, and the freshwater outlet on the bridge makes those end-of-the-day washdowns quick and easy. During our sea trial, I noted that vision is excellent from the helm, with no blind spots fore or aft. Working a tripleheader of sails on light tackle or backing on a blue marlin would be no problem.
The 68 follows on the heels of the company’s highly successful 72 Convertible . Viking was able to incorporate a number of the popular features of the larger boat into the 68 — including the walkaround center console flybridge helm and the tournament-tested cockpit — without compromising the interior layout, which also includes a convenient day head.
The four-stateroom/four-head layout has a full-size midship master stateroom, a VIP stateroom forward, a guest stateroom to port and crew quarters for two with discreet access. Entering the salon, the day head is immediately on the starboard side, with an L-shaped lounge to port. The well-appointed galley, with its walkaround island and raised dinette, makes onboard entertaining a breeze, while the portside companionway makes great use of the available space. The overall design is open, airy and inviting.
The layout and amenities make the 68 an excellent choice for tournaments or long-range travel, with plenty of room for privacy, onboard dinners, long runs and overnight fishing.
Engine Room
As expected, the Viking 68’s engine room is bright and well-lit, with excellent access to all maintenance points on the engines and equipment. The optional twin 1,945 hp MTU Series 2000 V12 M96L diesels are mounted directly to the hull stringers, making access to the engine beds a cinch.
The tops of the stringers are 1-inch-thick aluminum saddles that are bonded with the laminates, making it the ultimate in strength and rigidity. “This structure, including carbon fiber on the tops of the stringers, makes it stiffer — with a perfectly flat mounting area for the engines to rest on,” Gibbons explains.
Construction
The use of new materials and available technology is the latest result of Viking’s constant forward thinking, and it’s all showcased in the newest build. The company’s resin-infusion processes are continually evolving, incorporating not only end-grain balsa and composite core materials but also reinforcements such as Kevlar and carbon fiber. By utilizing these materials, Viking can build a lighter, stronger and, ultimately, faster and safer boat. Carbon fiber alone is not strong enough to tolerate the high demands of today’s sport-fishers, but as Schwab says, “By incorporating carbon fiber with materials that support it as part of the bigger laminate, we can maximize the benefits while improving overall structural integrity.”
Performance
“At 68 feet, the ride is remarkable,” says Schwab. “We have taken what we have learned from other models — the 72, the 80 and even the smaller boats like the 62 — and put them into the 68.” The efficient hull design gives the 68-footer improved lift and performance, cruising in the mid-30-knot range and topping out at 40.5 knots.”
“This boat is sharper at the bow than our previous models, which softens the ride even more, and it’s a little flatter aft, which lifts the boat,” says Gibbons. The hull design, coupled with advancements in the VIPER steering system, results in a boat that tracks true in all sea conditions, even at a svelte 115,306 displacement pounds.
Viking refuses to allow anything but the best to roll off its production line. The company takes its research and development seriously, and the result is a vessel that wows its buyers. Viking customers expect improvement year after year, and the company, which celebrated its 54th anniversary on April 1, consistently delivers. The Viking 68 is proof of its relentless pursuit to build a better boat every day.
Read Next: Q&A with Pat Healey, president of Viking Yacht Company
More: Boats , Sport Fishing Boats , Viking Yachts
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All About the Viking 68 Convertible: The Boat You Can’t Beat
Unpacking the details of the viking 68 convertible.
The Viking 68 Convertible isn’t just another yacht — it’s a floating testament to precision and quality. With an overall length of 68 feet 7 inches, this yacht commands presence. Its beam spans 19 feet 2 inches, making for a spacious interior and stable sailing experience. The draft, at just 5 feet 5 inches, allows access to a greater variety of ports and coves, enhancing your destinations list. Stability is further emphasized by its considerable gross weight of 115,306 lbs, which contributes to a smooth ride even in choppier conditions. The dimensions of the Viking 68 echo its creators’ attention to the balance between size and performance, ensuring it sails as impressively as it looks standing still.
Viking 68’s Design for Comfort and Agility
This vessel has been thoughtfully engineered to provide a sense of security, comfort, and freedom on your adventures. The gross weight anchors the yacht in turbulent seas, and the immense fuel capacity of 2,060 gallons means your horizons are broadened, inviting you to explore further afield without the worry of running low on fuel. The water tank capacity of 344 gallons supports comfortable extended stays on the water, reaffirming the yacht’s capability for long hauls. The thoughtful engineering extends to ensuring that even with such vast capacities, the yacht’s agility and speed are not compromised, a feat that Viking Yachts has consistently achieved across their fleet.
The Sportfisher’s Dream Cockpit
Designed with the avid fisher in mind, the 176-square-foot cockpit of the Viking 68 is a dream come true. It’s a versatile space, welcoming seasoned anglers and casual fishers alike, ensuring everyone on board can appreciate the excitement and tranquility that comes with being at sea. This area is more than just spacious; it’s outfitted with all the professional-grade amenities necessary for tournament-level sportfishing, yet it remains a comfortable and inviting place for leisure activities. With such a well-appointed cockpit, the Viking 68 Convertible readily facilitates memorable experiences, whether you’re battling a marlin or toasting to the sunset with loved ones.
A Balanced Combination of Power and Elegance
The Viking 68 Convertible is a striking blend of power and finesse. It’s clear that Viking Yachts has infused both the physical build and the intangible spirit of adventure into every aspect of this yacht’s design. Its aesthetic appeal doesn’t sacrifice performance, nor does its robust build diminish the luxurious ambiance onboard.
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Yacht Review: Viking 68 Convertible [2006–09]
April 22, 2019 12:24 pm
The 68 is yet another example of why Viking owns the market for big convertibles.
Overview: Finding the right superlatives to describe the Viking 68 Convertible is no easy task — Viking simply builds the best convertible sportfishing yachts in the business. Introduced in 2006 as the successor to the company’s 65 Convertible, Viking designers gave the 68 an accommodation plan similar to the three-stateroom layout of the 65, using the extra 3 feet of length to add a fourth stateroom. Entering the salon through electrically pulsed sliding doors, the 68 is richly furnished throughout with precise teak joinery, premium designer fabrics, and expensive hardware and appliances.
The entertainment center on the salon’s port side contains a 42-inch plasma TV that rises silently from the counter at the touch of a button. Below, a king-size island berth is athwartships in the master stateroom; the VIP forward stateroom boasts an island queen berth; and both guest cabins sport over/under single berths. The 68’s sprawling 186-square-foot cockpit is overlooked by a mezzanine deck, beneath which is a 9.9 cu. ft. freezer, tackle locker, chill box, and engine room hatch. Note the frameless cabin windows. An enclosed bridge was optional. MAN 2400hp V-16 diesels cruise at 35 knots (38–40 knots top).
Price Range: Prices for 2006–07 models start at $1.5 to $1.75 million.
Viking 68 Convertible Layout:
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Used Viking 68 Convertible For Sale
With the sleek styling and clean elegant lines Viking is known for and admired, the new 68 Convertible presents a stunning profile. Viking’s in-house design team and engineers continuously learn and improve from the previous build to the next, as they incorporate offshore tournament experience and customer input to “build a better boat every day.
”Excellence is the Viking expectation of every new model, and the 68 Convertible is no exception. Having developed a proven efficient hull design over the decades (along with cockpit, bridge, engine room, and interior layouts), Viking’s 68 Convertible has been refined to a new level of excellence. Every detail, from bow to stern, flybridge to engine room, interior and exterior, is meticulously crafted, the result of over 50 years of boat building experience and the latest materials, technologies, and manufacturing methods. New materials have been incorporated in the resin-infusion construction process, such as Kevlar and carbon fiber, to reinforce the balsa and composite core materials, making the 68C a lighter, stronger, faster, and safer yacht.
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DESCRIPTION
Viking incorporated some of the popular attributes of the 72 Convertible that preceded the 68C, such as the walkaround center console flybridge helm and the tournament-tested cockpit. Spacious interior layout with 4 staterooms/4 heads, includes a day head located just inside the main deck salon that is convenient to the cockpit. Easy to maintain Amtico flooring keeps the salon entry area neat.
The efficient Viking hull was refined with increased sharpness at the bow the further soften the ride in rough seas and deadrise was made a bit flatter to 12.1 degrees for greater lift. These refinements combined with Viking’s advanced VIPER steering system results in superior tracking in all sea conditions, with a 35-knot cruising speed and a top end nearing 40+ knots. The open flybridge is preferred by tournament fishermen for its all-around visibility, especially forward and aft view of cockpit action. Standard single-lever controls at the helm allow the captain to back down on a fish or maneuver into a slip with ease. Center console helm with 3 helm chairs is configured with all necessary electronics, controls, displays, and systems to effectively run the boat. Hydraulic steering for fingertip control and responsiveness. Electronic trolling valves allow maximum control at slow speeds. Port and starboard bench seats have storage underneath. A two-person jump seat is forward of the helm and a huge freezer in the brow can store bait or food. Another chill box aft of bench seat is within reach of the helm. A freshwater outlet is provided for easy washdowns of bridge.
Viking offers a climate-controlled Enclosed Bridge version of the 68C that serves as a second salon for a relaxing haven with great views from the raised L-lounge and cocktail table. Forward control station has all the instruments and electronics necessary for the cruising yachtsman. A spiral staircase leads down to the main deck salon and aft weatherproof door leads out to aft bridge deck extension with aft docking station and aft facing lounge seat. Sturdy aluminum ladder leads down to mezzanine deck of cockpit through an open hatch in both open and enclosed bridge versions.
Cockpit is 176 sq ft of fishability and includes an observation mezzanine shaded by the extended bridge deck overhang. Mezzanine features aft facing cushioned lounge seating with hinged seats, tackle cabinet with pull-out drawers, and bait freezer with lift out trays. Engine room access is through a hatch in mezzanine deck center. Standard cockpit amenities are rounded coamings, stereo and speakers, large lazarette hatch, refrigerated drink box in top step to salon door, walk-through transom door with lift gate, flush rod holders, in-deck fish well with macerator pump, stowage compartments (can be plumbed for circulating livewell), non-slip sole with aluminum backing plate for optional fighting chair, fresh and saltwater washdowns, port and starboard Glendinning Cablemaster shorepower cables (concealed in side lockers), tackle and gaff stowage, and more. Of course, the 68C could be customized to the owner’s liking with custom Palm Beach Towers tuna tower/outriggers, electronic teaser reels, an upgraded navigation, communications, and entertainment package from Atlantic Marine Electronics, Furuno sonar, 3D radar system, Seakeeper gyro stabilizer, bow thruster, rocket launcher rod holders, and so much more. Viking strives to accommodate; having almost everything produced in-house not only ensures quality, but the satisfaction of having a yacht delivered completely ready to enjoy!
The Main deck salon is entered from the cockpit via steps to an electronic sliding door. Immediately to starboard is the day head. An L-shaped couch with storage underneath and hi-lo cocktail table is to port. Opposite side cabinetry holds the theatrical entertainment system and 49” HD TV on electronic risers. Finely joined cabinetry is available in gloss or satin-finished walnut. Open galley with Cambria-stone topped island/breakfast bar is forward on starboard side. Three barstools are on salon side of versatile island bar. Great for serving drinks and snacks, lunch, or extra seating for dinner. Raised dinette seating four is forward on portside, opposite galley. Rod storage drawer slides out from underneath seat. Viking has partnered with the interior design firm, WBC Design (William Bale and Company) to create the elegant and comfortable interior, smartly utilizing available space for stowage of gear and provisions for longer trips. Galley is well-equipped with large Sub-Zero refrigerator and freezer drawers, microwave/convection oven, trash compactor, garbage disposal in the stainless-steel, under-mounted sink, four-burner electric cooktop, and plenty of stowage for supplies, cookware, and utensils. A pantry that also houses electronic accessories is forward of galley at the top of companionway leading down to the belowdecks four stateroom/four head accommodations.
Companionway has been shifted to portside in the 68C. Stacked washer and dryer are behind a door in companionway, along with other storage closets. Steps at foot of companionway stairs lead to private crew quarters for two with over/under bunks, private head with shower and entertainment electronics. Direct engine room access door is an option. Midships master stateroom is nearly the full width of beam on starboard side and is luxuriously appointed, featuring his and her hanging closets, a queen-size walkaround bed with an upholstered headboard, end tables with reading lights, a 32-inch HD television, and plenty of stowage. Ensuite head features a Cambria countertop on a curved walnut vanity, a fiberglass shower stall with a seat and a custom one-piece door, and Amtico flooring. Forward VIP stateroom also features a walk-around queen-size bed, sufficient storage space for an extended cruise, and ensuite head. An optional configuration features cross-over berths. Portside stateroom with over/under bunks also has a private head. All are spacious, comfortable and nicely appointed, including crew quarters.
The 68 Convertible’s well-designed layout, amenities, and engineering are ideal for tournament or long run fishing and cruising with everything needed for living aboard in comfort.
Length overall (LOA) is 68’7” with 19’2” Beam and 5’5” Draft. Gross Weight is 115,306 lbs. (with standard fuel load). Fuel Capacity is 2,060 gals. (2,423 gal. optional), Water Capacity: 344 gals. and Holding Tank is 281 gals. Base Power: Twin MAN V12 1550CRM, 1550hp. Power Options: Twin MAN V12 1900CRM, 1900hp Twin CAT C32A, 1925hp, Twin MTU 12V-2000 M96L, 1945hp.
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V-68 cuts a swath of innovations to be noticed, all of which make Viking’s new approach very special indeed. Construction was done with its new, $1 million five-axis profiler, a computer-programmed router that helps deliver errorless molds. Viking’s engineering and design team created new concept molds for the flying bridge, helm console, and main fuel tank. They retained Viking’s noted "Fairbody" hull shape, with its excellent fish-raising, 15-degree transom deadrise and propeller pockets. They preserved its 5.5-ft. draft, plus the forward-seeking lancer profile that marks every Viking’s glossy silhouette.
Then to guarantee the performance expected of a Viking, they opted to offer various power choices. Caterpillar and MTU diesels will cruise the new yacht from 28 to 34 knots, to top out at 39 knots; yet slide easily into trolling mode when called upon. Steel engine beds, on transverse frames, augment these already muscular forms. Fuel tanks, with a capacity of 2,375 gallons, are designed so the fiberglass tank shape melds into the hull shape; again adding strength. Propeller tunnels fashioned into the hull mold allow a shallower draft – a great advantage in shallow seas around the islands.
Another innovation is a special electrical storage system on the Viking 68. Created by Charles Industries, the PM3 AC Power Management System converts two 240 volt, 50 amp input sources into one single combination. Designed for vessels 50’ and over, PM3 provides solutions for managing onboard loads – up to a maximum of 100 Amps – while connecting to two 240 volt 50 amp shore power pedestals. It solves problems, so yacht owners can operate maximum rated AC electrical equipment without exceeding the load capacity.
Up on the flybridge – available in both open and closed versions – the fully equipped helm features space planning for every electronic option on its center-console. A pair of sturdy, fully adjustable helm chairs supervise the action. To port and starboard are roomy bench seats for the crowd; with fishing rods stowed safely underneath. The helm’s center console instrument layout is superb. Three separate display screens provide enlarged nav information, in full color, while gauges and electronics system alerts are protected by weatherproof acrylic panels. The view from the helm is stupendous – 360 degrees. Bench seating and an additional freezer are just forward. Twin ladders – anodized aluminum -- climb high up to the spotter’s perch.
Stepping down, one of the yacht’s greatest highlights is its 186 sq.ft. cockpit. A couple of steps up is a special feature Viking calls the “Observation Mezzanine.” Actually, it’s a short deck elevation which takes the observer up out of the traffic pattern in a sometimes hectic fishing drama. It’s very practical in tournament situations while the angler waits for the next strike in a comfortable lounge chair – or, for the cheering section, a shaded post next to the action. Overhead, the flying bridge extension offers a welcome haven from the sun. There’s also well-placed stowage for extra gear up there, plus a 9.9 cu.ft. freezer which is ideal for bait, or caught fish, or those marbled steaks you’ve brought along to add to the feast. The cockpit itself offers generous couch seating to starboard. With total area larger than Viking’s 65, it’s slightly less than the 74. An anodized aluminum ladder, aport, leads straight to the flying bridge. The cockpit’s transom door sports a lift gate, plus a reinforced aluminum plate to mount your fighting chair.
Entering the salon through electrically pulsed sliding doors, the 68-C is richly furnished; a model of fine design, featuring highly finished traditional teak and tasteful, luxurious fabrics. An Ultra-leather, L-shaped settee with a teak and cherry table, to starboard, provides the ultimate relaxation area after a great day’s fishing or running.
Just aft in the salon is a bank of lush teak cabinetry, housing not only the ship’s system electrical panels, but also a 42” flat screen TV. With surround-sound, plus stereo, CD, DVD accompaniment, it is remote-controlled to rise into viewing height. The elegant granite countertop pictured here also serves as a bar/base for libations of choice; with twin upholstered stools.
Adjoining is the galley, fully furnished to be the chef’s pride. Teak flooring accents the storage cabinets, while sub-zero, under-counter refrigerator/freezer units provide ease of operation. There is a 4-burner built-in countertop range, plus micro/convection oven, and coffee-maker. Storage is via aircraft-type sliding drawers.
Across from the bar, to starboard, is a 4-person, booth-style dinette. Fully upholstered, it is lighted by large windows in daytime, and ultra lighting as well at night. The granite theme is followed here too, in the rounded triangle, contoured table top. Three steps down and forward, the nighttime charms of this aesthetically pleasing yacht begin. While its predecessor, the V-65, boasted three spacious staterooms, the 68 – thru ingenious design manipulation – presents four, even while retaining the master stateroom’s breadth and volume.
The master suite is to port, featuring a king-size walk-around berth. Placed athwartships, to port, with its private head/shower, it also has an artfully decorative, etched-glass headboard, as well as bed tables and lamps. There are double walk-in closets in addition to a mirrored vanity/bureau and ensuite head. Facing the berth is a 20” flat screen TV, with Bose sound in the entertainment center. Overhead, in addition to star spotlights, a shaded, screened hatch opens for ventilation and daylight.
Decorated with meticulous care, the master head’s three-dimensional patterned wall covering echoes the rounded gold-streaked granite wash basin counter and full width mirror. A sit-down / stand-up shower completes the amenities.
Forward, the VIP stateroom is just slightly less imposing. Its island queen-size berth flaunts grand storage below. Laid out along the bulkheads of the hull, shelving extends on both bedsides, with lamp illumination and overhead ventilation.
Near the equal of the master bath, the guest head is also decorated with ultimate taste, with a vanity, large mirror and marble top basin that jettisons out for ease of reach. There is a full double-door walk in shower as well.
With full size bunks, upper and lower, the guest stateroom/crew quarters offer grand storage space with hanging lockers and armoire. It is a well planned cabin that makes excellent use of space.
The fourth stateroom (for crew or kids) is less grandiose, but still boasts wide, comfortable bunks, upper and lower, as well as adequate storage areas. Each stateroom sports its own ensuite head/shower.
No question, for the yachtsman/sportfisherman/cruiser, Viking has launched another comfortable, well-designed luxury yacht in its 68 Convertible. It is sure to be a success, certain to draw fish and quite possibly... the sexiest sportfish afloat. <end> Story by Chuck Gnaegy. Specifications: LOA: 68’8” (72’11” w/pulpit) Beam: 19’4” Draft: 5’5” Fuel: 2,000 gals. Water: 400 gals. Disp.: 114,000 lbs. Power: 2x MTU 12V 2000, 1,520 hp each Optional Power... 2x MTU 16V 2000, 2,030 hp each Caterpillar C-32, 1,675 hp each Caterpillar C-32A, 1,825 hp each For more information, contact: Viking Yachts On the Bass River, Route 9 New Gretna, NJ 08224 www.vikingsportcruisers.com
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Viking Yachts 68 Convertible
The brand-new Viking Yachts 68 Convertible made its public debut at the 2018 Miami Yacht Show on Collins Avenue to an overwhelmingly positive, public response. “The 68 is another legendary boat in a long line of fishing boats in the 60-foot and 70-foot range,” Viking CEO Pat Healey said in a statement about the launch of the 68C. He continued, “No one is doing the job we are doing today in this size range.” Everything about the new Viking 68 screams tournament billfish angler that brought his family along for the ride. There is a space built-in to the 68 specifically for the optional Seakeeper Gyro so even in rough seas, there is little or no rocking at all. The galley on the 68 has tons of storage, Sub-Zero refrigeration hidden in the counters that include locking mechanisms so the drawers, and lots of seating both in the salon and the counter top adjacent to the galley. Whether fishing or cruising, Viking has added thoughtful conveniences for both lifestyles.
If the 68C will be your first time purchasing a Viking, we recommend you read " Your Resource Guide To Owning A New Viking Yacht ."
The cockpit on the 68 Convertible is possibly the greatest billfish fighting presentation on any sportfish in its class. At 176 square feet, with a reinforced deck and fighting chair, a walk-thru transom door, flush rod holders, storage for tackle, a fishwell with macerator pump in the deck, and countless other compartments for hear, the Viking 68 cockpit is an angler’s dream. And much like a star quarterback loves the fans cheering him on; your guests can watch the action in comfort from the observation mezzanine which has Sunbrella-covered cushions and is air-conditioned.
Guests on board will appreciate Viking’s standard layout that includes a private head and shower in each of the four staterooms. The master stateroom is placed starboard and is almost the entire beam of the boat with ample storage including hanging lockers and credenzas. There is a queen-sized bed with enough room to walk around it completely along with a 32-inch flatscreen television. The forward stateroom also has a queen-sized bed that hides a massive storage compartment underneath the mattress.
With a top-end speed approaching 40+ knots and a cruise speed over 35-knots, the Viking 68 does not disappoint when it comes to performance. The hull shape has a 12.1-degree transom deadrise which helps to deliver a soft ride, even in rough seas. When the optional twin 1954hp MTU Series 2000 V12 M96L inboards are added, she can hit 46 knots with ease. Even the fuel capacity can be increased to over 2,400 gallons for the extended fishing journeys. Contact your Staten Island Sales Professional today to schedule your tour of the new Viking Yachts 68 Convertible.
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SPECIFICATIONS
Make Viking Yachts
Model Convertibles
Water Capacity 344 Gal.
Fuel Capacity 2,060 Gal.
Length Overall 68' 7
Max Draft 5' 5
Displacement 115,306 Lbs.
Engine 1 Specs
Make MTU Series 2000
Model V12 M96L
Fuel Diesel
Engine Power 1,954 HP
Engine 2 Specs
Total Engine Power 3,908 HP
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River Cruising
Viking Moscow to St. Petersburg: Safety??
By uilleann , September 20, 2018 in River Cruising
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We are looking at doing the Viking Moscow to St. Petersburg river cruise in 2020. When I checked the US State Dept. They classify Russia as a “Consider another location” due to increased terrorism against American Tourists. I would love to hear peoples thoughts as I have never been to Russia and this cruise looks like fun?
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I can't answer your question specifically. I have done a similar cruise (another line) and I have done a land trip there. If I was to advise people, I would tell people to find a land company and just do St. Petersburg and Moscow. Stay downtown and not clear out where the river boats stay. I was bored with the ports between and wish I had spent more time in Moscow on the river boat (like I did when I was on the land trip.
Again, not the answer to the question you were asking. I personally would have no hesitations going back.
My sister-in-law just did the Viking trip, St, Pete to Moscow, with no problem at all. She reacted as I did -- greatly enjoyed the longer day time sailing of this itinerary, which she found relaxing and peaceful, and the ports quite interesting. (I was on another line, too, a few years ago). I've seen the State Dept. warning but think the cruise lines put a premium on the safety of their PAX and would withdraw their tours if safety was a concern, such as when river cruises on the Nile were shut down. We did a cruise there after they were reinstated and were a bit apprehensive, but we felt safe with the security provided there and had a great time as well.
We did this trip five years ago. We found St. Petersburg and Moscow extremely interesting, but we really enjoyed the ports during the cruising part of the trip. We loved sailing through the countryside and seeing the smaller towns. President Obama was actually in St. Petersburg for a summit the same time we were there, so Americans were treated fine. However, this was all only a few months before the Sochi winter olympics and Putin was on his best behavior. We all know what happened immediately following the olympics. But then we went to Egypt this past January and we're going to Cuba this coming winter, so we're not easily put off by state department warnings.
chicchic325
That area is generally safe. That said, there is no love lost between Russians and Americans. Most of your everyday people will be fine. You will stand out as an American, good/bad/indifferent. Most of the terrorism problems in Russia are further south than Moscow
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... there is no love lost between Russians and Americans.
I don't find it to be the case.... While the governments do indeed have a hard time finding any kind of common ground to start talking, this has not - in my experience - translated into any kind of problems on a person-to-person level.
If anything, I'd encourage the OP to extend their stay on both ends of the trip, via Viking extension or otherwise and explore both cities on their own.
There aren't too many reviews of Vikings Russian River tours here on CC, but to get a general understanding of overall safety and other issues you might also want to check reviews of other cruise companies (AMA, Scenic, Uniworld, Vodohod) and aggregators (Gate 1 cruises, etc) offering the same route - the itineraries are virtually identical.
As far as State Dept warnings go - they have unfortunately become a political tool rather than a useful resourse for travelers.
Host Jazzbeau
I don't find it to be the case.... While the governments do indeed have a hard time finding any kind of common ground to start talking, this has not - in my experience - translated into any kind of problems on a person-to-person level. If anything, I'd encourage the OP to extend their stay on both ends of the trip, via Viking extension or otherwise and explore both cities on their own. There aren't too many reviews of Vikings Russian River tours here on CC, but to get a general understanding of overall safety and other issues you might also want to check reviews of other cruise companies (AMA, Scenic, Uniworld, Vodohod) and aggregators (Gate 1 cruises, etc) offering the same route - the itineraries are virtually identical. As far as State Dept warnings go - they have unfortunately become a political tool rather than a useful resourse for travelers.
AMA stopped offering cruises in Russia, reportedly because they couldn't deliver the quality of their European and other itineraries.
AMA stopped offering cruises in Russia
Very true, but past reviews should still be available - and could be helpful in overall assessment of things to expect on that route. Like I said, the itineraries are virtually the same (coincidentally, stern State Dept warnings haven't changed much over the years, either).
OnTheJourney
Would love to go to Moscow....and so I've looked at the "Waterways of the Tsars" Viking cruise quite often. When we arrived in SPB, that morning you could just feel the tension onboard the ship. Everyone just seemed keyed up and slightly nervous. NOT the usual feeling like in the Windjammer down in the Caribbean! Anyway, one of the days we went through border patrol they left my wife go right through, but I was questioned rather sternly and at length about why I'm arriving so early before my tour excursion started and what I intended to do. It was a bit uncomfortable. After a bit of jabbering in Russian among the border patrol agents, they finally let me through. Telling them that I was going to go shopping with the extra time before the excursion started seemed to win some points :)
This is because they never really tried. Ours had 2 AMA employees - the rest were Vodohod employees. It was a Vodohod cruise.
Relax & ignore uptight fellow passengers.
Viking Ocean Day One at St Pete we go to the border officer. Stares & glowers at us for something like 2-3 minutes. Then stamps our passports forcefully and bruskly waves us thru.
Day 2 at St Pete. We arrive and are promptly waived thru right away. But no smile.
Two very elderly folks on our same tour were held up at least 15 minutes as we all waited for them. Talked to them and they were both ex-military and had worked at the Pentagon. They surmised that the Rooskies knew this and had some concerns. They were laughing and thought the entire experience was a hoot. Day 2, no problems.
Yeah...we had no problems the next day we went through.
My sister and BIL just returned from the Viking trip from St. Pete. to Moscow. They said the onboard experience wasn't as good as on the European Longships but they thoroughly enjoyed the trip. They too reported the local people they met were a very warm and friendly.
We arrive and are promptly waived thru right away. But no smile.
Just out of pure curiosity (plus in the interest of identifying cultural differences) - why do you think a smile would be in order?
From my point of view: tourism is an economic plus for any country, so officials involved should be customer-focused.
The scowling old Babushkas monitoring in the Russian museums are apparently not in order.
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Suggest you try the Sampsan from Moscow to St Petes.
There is a four seat compartment at the very front of the train, excellent service, and great views.
Very safe even for Americans !
The scowling old Babushkas monitoring in the Russian museums are apparently not in order
Indeed, wouldn't we all prefer the cheerful young babushkas!
In fact, having spent a bit of time in SPB over the summer, I have a new appreciation for the scowling old type - the only time I've seen them spring back to life, in a soccer-goalie pounce, was to stop a fellow tourist from touching the private parts of a marble statue or leaning against the tapestry-adorned wall in the Hermitage :-)
When I was a Russian History major in the late '60s there was a wonderful story from the days of Stalin about an old Babushka who used to take the subway to Red Square every morning, trudge painfully across the square to the wall of the Kremlin where the front page of Pravda was posted in a glass case, look briefly at the paper and sigh, and then trudge back to the subway. One day the guard asked, "Grandma, why don't you just buy the paper? It only costs a penny." She said, "I don't want to read all of it. I'm just looking for an obituary." The guard said, "But the obituaries aren't printed on the front page!" She answered, " This one will be."
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an essay about conservation of biological diversity in east africa
Essay on conservation of biodiversity for students and children.
500+ words essay on conservation of biodiversity.
Conservation of biodiversity is vital for maintaining the Earth’s environment and sustaining life on the planet. There are a number of ways in which the richness of biodiversity helps in maintaining the ecological system. Conservation of biodiversity is important for the survival of living beings on Earth. Hence, a lot of emphases is being given on the conservation of biodiversity these days.
The Extinction in Biodiversity
Due to human activities, numerous varieties of animals go extinct each year. Western Black Rhinoceros, Dodo, Tasmanian tiger, Golden Toad, Woolly Mammoth, Caribbean Monk Seal, Ivory-billed Woodpecker, and Japanese Sea Lion are some of the species of animals that have gone extinct.
Lemur, Mountain Gorilla, Vaquita, Sea Turtles, Amur Leopard, and Tiger are some of the species that are on the verge of extinction. Apart from these many species of plants and trees including Lepidodendron, Araucaria Mirabilis, Wood Cycad and Kokia Cookie have gone extinct and many species are endangered.
Need to Conserve Biodiversity
Earth is a beautiful planet which has given us many things which occur naturally. Natural resources, rivers, valleys , oceans, different species of animals and beautiful varieties of plants and trees are among some of these.
In today’s world, we are busy developing our surroundings and spoiling our beautiful environment. Today, we have exploited most of the things that were available abundantly in nature. Thus, there arises a need to conserve these natural things. Among other things, there is a serious need for the conservation of biodiversity.
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Importance of Conservation of Biodiversity
Conservation of biodiversity is important for many reasons. Here are some of the main reasons to conserve biodiversity:
Process of Food Chain: Different species of animals and plants serve as the source of food for other animals and living organisms. Thus, conserving biodiversity help to keep the food chain among the living organisms.
Nutritional Needs: The decline in the variety of plants and animals would mean the decline in the variety of food we eat. So, this is likely to result in nutritional deficiencies.
Cleaner Air: Plants and trees have a greater ability to purify the air and keep the atmosphere clean. As there is a decrease in the number and types of trees and plants, it impacts the quality of air in a negative way.
Better Cultivation of Crops: Fertility of soil is maintained by many insects, organisms and microorganisms work on different levels. So we have to maintain the level of microorganism which is better for the cultivation of crops.
For Medical Reason s: For making different medicines many species of trees and plants are used so as to cure various diseases.
Methods to Conserve Biodiversity
Methods that can help in the conservation of biodiversity are
Control Population: The greater the population the higher the needs which would result in further exploitation of flora and fauna and decline in biodiversity. For the conservation of biodiversity, we have to control the human population and allow other species of plants and animals to replenish on our planet.
Control Pollution: The changing climate, deteriorating air quality and the growing amount of pollution on land and water bodies are leading to different types of diseases in many. It is essential to reduce the activities leading to pollution so as to conserve biodiversity.
Reduce Deforestation: Due to deforestation, there is the loss of habitat. Due to this reason, wild animals are unable to survive in the new environment and die.
Avoid Wastage: We need to understand that natural resources are not only essential for us but are also vital for the survival of other species. We must thus utilize only as much as we require them so that these remain available in abundance in nature for future use.
Spread Awareness: Apart from this, one of the best methods to conserve biodiversity is by spreading awareness. The government can do so at a bigger level. While we can spread awareness by word of mouth and through social media.
Conservation of biodiversity is of utmost importance. We must all make efforts to conserve biodiversity rather than contributing towards its declination. Thus, the richness of biodiversity is essential for the survival of living beings on Earth.
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Conserving Biodiversity in East African Forests: A Study of the Eastern Arc Mountains
Published 5 February 2002
Environmental Science, Biology
190 Citations
The biological importance of the eastern arc mountains of tanzania and kenya, the montane forest associated amphibian species of the taita hills, kenya.
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Forest History in East Africa's Eastern Arc Mountains: Biological Science and the Uses of History
A review of endemic species in the eastern arc afromontane region: importance, inferences, and conservation, herpetofauna of montane areas of tanzania. 3. amphibian diversity in the northwestern eastern arc mountains, with the description of a new species of arthroleptis (anura: arthroleptidae), conservation implications of deforestation across an elevational gradient in the eastern arc mountains, tanzania, rapid assessment of bat diversity in the taita hills afromontane cloud forests, southeastern kenya, biogeography of the shimba hills ecosystem herpetofauna in kenya, changing places: how the results of new field work in the rubeho mountains influence conservation priorities in the eastern arc mountains of tanzania, related papers.
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Representation of biodiversity and ecosystem services in East Africa’s protected area network
Research Article
Published: 09 March 2019
Volume 49 , pages 245–257, ( 2020 )
Cite this article
Fangli Wei 1 , 4 ,
Shuai Wang 3 ,
Bojie Fu 1 , 2 &
Yanxu Liu 3
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The dramatic increase in anthropogenic activity severely threatens the biodiversity and life-support services that underpin human well-being. The broadened focus of protecting ecosystem services (ESs) better aligns the interests of people and biodiversity conservation. In this study, we used species richness as a surrogate for biodiversity and mapped the key ESs in East Africa with the goal to assess the spatial congruence between biodiversity and ESs, and evaluate the representation of current protected areas (PAs) network for biodiversity and ESs. The results showed that PAs well represented for species richness and regulating services but underrepresented for provisioning services. The PAs network occupies 10.96% of East Africa’s land surface, and captures 20.62–26.37% of conservation priorities for vertebrate and plant species. It encompasses more than 16.23% of priority areas for three regulating services, but only 6.17% and 5.22% for crop and livestock production, respectively. Strong correlations and high overlaps exist between species richness and regulating services, particularly for carbon storage, water yield and plants. Thus, we believe that actions taken to conserve biodiversity also will protect certain ESs, which in turn will create new incentives and funding sources for the conservation of biodiversity. Overall, our results have wide-ranging policy implications and can be used to optimize conservation strategies for both biodiversity and multiple ESs in East Africa.
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This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Numbers 31361140360, 4171101213).
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Wei, F., Wang, S., Fu, B. et al. Representation of biodiversity and ecosystem services in East Africa’s protected area network. Ambio 49 , 245–257 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01155-4
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Conservation of Biodiversity in the East African tropical Forest
Abstract Kakamega forest is one of the remnants of the equatorial guineo rainforest in the Eastern fringes of Africa. It was perhaps cut-off from the Congo region in the early volcanic era when the Great Rift Valley was formed. The forest is known for its diversity of biotic species, and it is home to some of the rare plants in the East African region. It has some of the rare species of, birds, snakes, insects and primates.
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The objectives of this study were; (1) to determine the composition of woody species; (2) to estimate the diversity of woody species, and (3) to determine the structure of woody species in the reserve. Thirty nested circular plots were purposively established in various vegetation types. A total of 68 woody species were identified belonging to 25 plant families. The Shannon diversity index was computed to be 3.5 indicating high diversity. There were more trees/shrubs in lower diameter class than the others hence the reverse J- Shape bar chart. The study concluded that the high woody species diversity enables the reserve to perform its function of providing ecological protection for headwaters and serving as a reservoir for game as well as contributing to the preservation of biodiversity. It also concluded that the characteristics of vegetation in the reserve were generally similar to that of other guinea savanna areas.
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East African biodiversity study reveals gaps in protected areas
Some of the highest areas of wildlife diversity in east African forest regions are not within protected areas, a study suggests.
An international team of scientists analysed where the region's amphibians live and their evolutionary relationship to each other. The scientists then identified 10 hotspots of biodiversity, and found that the land with the highest biodiversity accounts for less than 3% of protected areas.
'There is an urgent need to consolidate the protected areas in these highly threatened biodiversity hotspots,' says Dr Simon Loader , Museum scientist and senior author of the paper .
Coastal forests of East Africa
The coastal forests of eastern Africa stretch in a narrow strip along the coast from southern Somalia through Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique. The area is important for biological diversity as it contains many plants and animals that are found nowhere else.
But the forests are fragmented and endangered as agricultural expansion is replacing them with farmland. It is estimated that only 10% of the original forests remain, and just 17% of those forests have some level of protection.
The researchers studied the parts of the forest within Kenya and Tanzania, investigating whether the protected areas are safeguarding the richest biodiversity sites.
The coastal forests of east Africa (coloured in orange) stretch in a belt from Somalia to Mozambique. The area investigated for this study lies in Kenya and Tanzania (bounded by the black box).
Identifying habitats to protect
To pinpoint areas that need protecting, conservation planners need to not only identify areas that contain a wide variety of species, but also whether they contain species that live nowhere else. If such an area is lost, localised species will become extinct.
The scientists chose to focus on one group - amphibians.
'Amphibians are a good representative species to track overall biodiversity,' says Dr Loader. 'They are very sensitive to environmental changes and their ability to extend their range into new locations is generally quite low.'
The researchers used data from 41 of the 51 amphibian species known to live in the region.
Estimating diversity
The researchers began by building a map that divided the enormous region into a grid of one-square-kilometre cells. They then needed to work out the range (the geographic spread) for each species and the diversity of species within each cell.
To calculate a range, the researchers started by noting the locations where each of the 41 species has been recorded. They then estimated the probability that surrounding cells would also contain that species. The more similar the habitat was, and the more closely connected to an inhabited cell, the higher likelihood that the species lives there. The scientists could then build up a probability map for each species' range.
To examine diversity, the researchers used DNA from the different amphibians to build a phylogenetic tree. This shows the evolutionary relationship between species and how closely or distantly they are related to one other. A cell containing animals that were more distantly related to each other would have a higher diversity score than a cell with closely related animals.
The phylogenetic endemism (PE) heatmap for the regions in Kenya and Tanzania shows clear hotspots of high biodiversity
The scientists then calculated the phylogenetic endemism (PE) for each cell - meaning the likelihood of each species being present in the cell, that species' overall range and the total diversity of all species in the cell.
A cell containing animals that were distantly related to each other and confined to small ranges would have a high PE score. A cell populated with closely related animals with larger ranges would have a low PE score.
Biodiversity hotspots
The resulting PE mapping of the studied forest region showed that there were some pockets of high biodiversity, such as the Kenyan coast and the Pugu Hills in Tanzania. Ten hotspots, which cover 10% of the region studied, account for 25% of the total PE score. But in these hotspots, very little of the land is protected and it often excludes the areas with the highest PE levels.
The Pugu Hills in Tanzania are a biodiversity hotspot. The protected areas (in grey), however, miss many of the sites of highest phylogenetic endemism (PE).
Questions for conservation resources
What does this mean for conservationists? The paper's authors say that, ideally, protected areas should cover some of these unprotected hotspots - but there are significant challenges to this. The region's human population is rapidly growing, and there are limited funding and resources available for conservation efforts.
Dr Loader concludes, 'Given the rapid loss of most forests outside governmental reserves, our research suggests that strengthening protected areas that fall within identified PE hotspots would perhaps be the best strategy to conserve the biodiversity and evolutionary history of this region.
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Conserving Wildlife in Africa: Integrated Conservation and Development Projects and Beyond: Because multiple factors hinder integrated conservation and development projects in Africa from achieving their objectives, alternative and complementary approaches for promoting wildlife conservation must be actively explored
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William D. Newmark, John L. Hough, Conserving Wildlife in Africa: Integrated Conservation and Development Projects and Beyond: Because multiple factors hinder integrated conservation and development projects in Africa from achieving their objectives, alternative and complementary approaches for promoting wildlife conservation must be actively explored, BioScience , Volume 50, Issue 7, July 2000, Pages 585–592, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0585:CWIAIC]2.0.CO;2
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Conservationists in Africa are struggling to develop new approaches to protect the continent's spectacular natural heritage. The challenge is to design strategies that not only will ensure the long-term viability of species and ecosystems but also will be politically and economically acceptable to local communities and governments. One approach that has gained considerable attention in recent years is the integrated conservation and development project (ICDP), which attempts to link the conservation of biological diversity within a protected area to social and economic development outside that protected area. In ICDPs, incentives are typically provided to local communities in the form of shared decision-making authority, employment, revenue sharing, limited harvesting of plant and animal species, or provision of community facilities, such as dispensaries, schools, bore holes, roads, and woodlots, in exchange for the community's support for conservation.
The ICDP approach to conservation in Africa began in earnest in the 1980s and 1990s, although efforts to link wildlife conservation with local development go back to the 1950s in a few protected areas in Africa, such as Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania. Currently, much of the funding by major bilateral and multilateral donors to protected areas in Africa is in the form of ICDPs. A recent review ( Alpert 1996 ) suggests that there have been more than 50 such projects in 20 countries.
Given the popularity of ICDPs, it is discouraging that so many reviews ( Kiss 1990 , Hannah 1992 , Wells et al. 1992 , Kremen et al. 1994 , Western et al. 1994 , Barrett and Arcese 1995 , Gibson and Marks 1995 , Oates 1995 , Alpert 1996 ) indicate that most ICDPs have had only limited success in achieving both conservation and development objectives. Thus, a lively and important debate about the appropriateness of the ICDP model is under way in the conservation and development community ( Kramer et al. 1997 ). Recent critiques of ICDPs in Africa ( Kiss 1990 , Hannah 1992 , Stocking and Perkin 1992 , Wells et al. 1992 , Kremen et al. 1994 , Western et al. 1994 , Barrett and Arcese 1995 , Gibson and Marks 1995 , Oates 1995 , Alpert 1996 , Hofer et al. 1996 ) highlight many of the problems associated with these projects. Based on our own field observations in more than 15 African countries and the critiques of other workers, as well as a review of many project proposals, reports, and evaluations, we discuss these problems. In addition, we argue that the lack of success of many ICDPs is attributable in part to a series of erroneous assumptions made frequently by many designers of ICDPs. Finally, we suggest that ICDPs need to be viewed as just one of a variety of tools available to conservationists and development workers, and that both alternatives to ICDPs and tools and techniques that complement ICDPs need to be actively explored.
Rationale for the ICDP approach
The ICDP approach to conservation in Africa has gained popularity for several reasons. One reason is the recognition that wildlife populations have declined dramatically throughout Africa over the last 30 years, primarily because of habitat loss. Surveys suggest that over 65% of the original wildlife habitat in Africa has been lost ( Kiss 1990 ) as a result of agricultural expansion, deforestation, and overgrazing, which have been fueled by rapid human population growth and poverty. Given the underlying determinants of habitat loss, it has been argued that conservation activities in the field must be intimately linked with development ( IUCN 1980 ).
A second reason for the popularity of ICDPs relates to the challenges of conserving biological diversity within existing protected areas. Throughout Africa, protected areas are becoming increasingly ecologically isolated as a result of agricultural development, deforestation, human settlement, and the active elimination of wildlife on adjacent lands. This phenomenon, in combination with the small size of most protected areas, indicates that in the absence of intensive management, most protected areas in Africa will not be large enough to conserve many species, as illustrated by recent patterns of extinction of large mammals in Tanzanian parks ( Newmark 1996 ) as well as large carnivores in southern and East African protected areas ( Woodroofe and Ginsberg 1998 ). Additionally, rural poverty and external markets will continue to encourage both subsistence and commercial poaching of many species within protected areas. Analysis in Zambia suggests that it costs $200 per km 2 per year to effectively control commercial poaching of species such as elephant and rhinoceros in protected areas ( Leader-Williams and Albon 1988 ). Unfortunately, few, if any, African countries have such financial resources, and central governments are unlikely to allocate significantly more funds for wildlife management in the future, given the many other competing demands for governmental resources. Recognition of these problems has led many workers to argue that the only way to enlarge and link existing protected areas ( Newmark 1985 , 1996 ) and control commercial poaching ( Owen-Smith 1993 ) is to develop cooperative relationships with adjacent communities.
A third reason for the popularity of ICDPs is that such programs are perceived as an effective mechanism for addressing problems of social injustice. Protected areas have adversely affected many indigenous people in Africa. For example, all of the large savanna parks of East Africa have been established on former Masai rangelands ( Århen 1985 , Parkipuny and Berger 1993 ). Many donors view ICDPs as a means to develop supportive relationships with the communities that must bear much of the social costs of protected areas.
Finally, ICDPs are attractive because of the recognition that past methods of management have been ineffective in curbing poaching and have frequently created confrontational relationships with local communities. The former “fences and fines” approach to conservation is viewed as anachronistic and counterproductive, and many conservationists view the ICDP approach as a valid alternative.
Critiques of ICDPs in Africa
A number of assessments of the effectiveness of ICDPs in Africa have been conducted. Two things are striking about these reviews: the consensus among workers that nearly all ICDPs have either not achieved their objectives or that progress has been modest, at best, and the multiple explanations given for the limited success of ICDPs. These explanations fall into three broad categories: assessment problems, internal constraints, and external forces.
Assessment problems.
Project evaluators have identified two important constraints that have hindered the objective assessment and demonstration of success of many ICDPs. One is that many projects were at an early stage of implementation when they were assessed. The early evaluations ( Kiss 1990 , Hannah 1992 , Wells et al. 1992 ) of ICDPs in Africa concluded that success was limited in meeting both conservation and development objectives, but also thatmost of these projects had not been under way long enough to be fairly evaluated. Reviewers noted that the normal 3–5 year project cycle may be inappropriate for ICDPs, as it was found to be during the 1970s for rural development projects, which required considerably longer project cycles to achieve project objectives. Given that a number of ICDPs in Africa have now been in operation for more than a decade, this issue should be less of a constraint; however, there is as yet little substantive evidence of improvement in success.
A second constraint on assessment is the absence of ecological monitoring. Kremen et al. (1994) examined 36 projects worldwide, 23 of them from Africa, and found that over half of the projects had no ecological monitoring and only two contained a comprehensive ecological monitoring component. The lack of ecological monitoring in most projects has prevented a rigorous evaluation of the impacts of development activities, particularly resource exploitation, on biological diversity. The lack of ecological monitoring has also meant that feedback useful for guiding the future course of project activities is frequently absent ( Kremen et al. 1994 ). Wells et al. (1992) noted that few of the 18 ICDPs they studied in Africa, Asia, and Latin America were able to demonstrate—largely because of the absence of ecological monitoring—that the development activities occurring outside of the protected areas enhanced the conservation of biological diversity within the protected areas.
Internal constraints.
Project evaluations have also identified four internal constraints common to many ICDPs. First, public goods may not alter the behavior of individuals, as Gibson and Marks (1995) have suggested; they maintain that many ICDPs in Africa will fail in their goal of conservation because the incentives presented to communities are public goods and are insufficient to alter individual behavior. Furthermore, these incentives may have differential effects on different groups within the communities ( Noss 1997 ). Gibson and Marks (1995) also argue that the economic incentives that many ICDPs offer are often ineffective because project designers frequently overlook the social importance of many activities, such as hunting. Metcalfe (1994) also highlights the difficulty of distributing public benefits to individuals as one of the key challenges facing the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) in Zimbabwe.
A second internal constraint is that the organizational structure of many ICDPs often mimics earlier ineffective colonial structures. Gibson and Marks (1995) suggest that many local people remain disenfranchised from most ICDPs in Africa because the ultimate authority for wildlife continues to reside with the state. They maintain that although a number of ICDPs have devolved authority over wildlife to local communities, that authority is limited and local communities should have greater control over the use of wildlife. Most wildlife departments accept the rhetoric of such a change in approach, but they can find it difficult to effect that change because doing so demands new sets of skills, a shift from competitive to collaborative relationships with other agencies and institutions, and changes in the internal institutional culture ( Hough 1994a ). These difficulties have been problematic for ICDPs in Madagascar; government and donor efforts to overcome them have resulted in a number of changes in institutional mandates and structure ( Hough 1994a , McCoy and Razafindrainibe 1997 ).
A third internal constraint is that the offtake associated with many harvesting schemes may be unsustainable over the long term. Barrett and Arcese (1995) and Hofer et al. (1996) , for example, have argued that the large mammal harvesting schemes associated with many ICDPs in savanna ecosystems in Africa may be unsustainable because wildlife populations in these ecosystems are inherently variable. They suggest that because managers are frequently under considerable political pressure to maintain a constant flow of benefits (in this case, meat, skins, or revenues) to local communities, they may find it extremely difficult to reduce the offtake when wildlife populations are declining. They also suggest that if wildlife managers do reduce offtake, the project could lose community support. Less work has been done on the sustainability of plant and animal harvesting in nonsavanna biomes in Africa, but some research on woodlands in southern Africa ( Shackleton 1993 ) and forests in East and West Africa ( Fa et al. 1995 , FitzGibbon et al. 1995 , Slade et al. 1998 , Wilkie et al. 1998 ) indicates that the current offtake for many species in those areas is likewise unsustainable.
A fourth internal constraint is that development activities frequently conflict with conservation objectives. In many projects, such conflicts are a result of the inability of managers to effectively control resource exploitation by communities or individuals ( Stocking and Perkin 1992 ), the nonsustainable use of resources, or the ecologically disruptive nature of the development activities. For example, one ICDP in Tanzania placed fish ponds in an important wetland habitat in the East Usambara Mountains. These ponds, although effective in providing additional protein to villagers, severely disrupted scarce riparian habitat (William D. Newmark, personal observation).
External forces.
Finally, project evaluations have identified three external forces that adversely affect many ICDPs in Africa. First, sources of potential revenues for communities are usually unreliable and insufficient. Because exchange rate fluctuations and political turmoil often make tourist revenues unreliable, basing cash inducements to communities on tourism is unwise ( Barrett and Arcese 1995 ). The dramatic decline in tourism in recent years in Uganda, Kenya, Comoro Islands, and Zimbabwe highlights the high vulnerability of this industry to political unrest and economic downturns. Additionally, as Barrett and Arcese (1995) noted, there are few protected areas in Africa where the revenues from gate receipts exceed the cost of management; thus, it is unlikely that many communities will ultimately benefit from such revenue-sharing practices. Furthermore, as Norton-Griffiths and Southey (1995) have pointed out, if opportunity costs are taken into account, protected areas and their buffer zones may impose economic penalties on their surrounding communities that far outweigh any potential financial advantages from revenue-sharing arrangements.
Second, external market forces are increasingly manipulating resource use patterns in Africa. The urbanization that is taking place in Africa has created a growing demand in many cities and towns for resources such as meat, timber, and firewood ( Barrett and Arcese 1995 ). These urban markets will produce increasingly strong market incentives to exploit rural natural resources, which could circumvent or undermine ICDP activities. For example, regional urban market forces have encouraged the commercial poaching of large mammals in and around Serengeti National Park for meat ( Hofer et al. 1996 ): Between 1970 and 1992, the population of Cape buffalo in Serengeti National Park declined between 50% and 90% over portions of their range ( Campbell and Borner 1995 , Hofer et al. 1996 ). Similarly, Hannah et al. (1998) found that distant market forces have had significant negative impacts on the success of ICDPs in Madagascar.
Third, ICDP development activities may induce migration into the project area ( Wells et al. 1992 , Barrett and Arcese 1995 , Noss 1997 ). Evidence for such in-migration comes from other rural development projects in Africa. For example, a United Nations–supported irrigation project that was initiated in the early 1980s near Lake Manyara in Tanzania was largely responsible for the 40% growth in population in the area between 1978 and 1988 ( Yanda and Mohamed 1990 ).
Why ICDPs' success has been limited
There are, in our opinion, several overarching factors responsible for the limited success of ICDPs in Africa. These include erroneous assumptions, unintended social relationships, and inadequate knowledge about the project environment.
Erroneous assumptions.
That local communities are hostile to protected areas, that raising living standards will inevitably result in conservation, and that buffer zones are panaceas have proved to be erroneous assumptions that are detrimental to the success of ICDPs. Because protected areas in Africa have historically excluded local people and have a colonial legacy ( Anderson and Grove 1987 , Neumann 1998 ), it is generally assumed that these areas are surrounded by hostile communities and enjoy little, if any, support among local people ( Lusigi 1981 , Wells 1996 ). The attitudinal research that has been conducted in Africa indicates that this assumption is overly simplistic.
Surveys in South Africa ( Infield 1988) , Rwanda ( Harcourt et al. 1986 ), Tanzania ( Newmark and Leonard 1991 , Newmark et al. 1993 ), and Nigeria ( Ite 1996 ) have found that an overwhelming majority of people living adjacent to protected areas in these countries agreed on the need for the protected area or were opposed to abolishing the parks or making them available for agriculture. On the other hand, surveys showed that most people living adjacent to protected areas in South Africa ( Infield 1988 ), Botswana ( Parry and Campbell 1992 ), and Tanzania ( Newmark et al. 1993 ) held negative or neutral attitudes toward managers of protected areas. Furthermore, surveys in South Africa, Botswana, and Tanzania found that local people's support or opposition to protected areas, managers of protected areas, and wildlife is based on utilitarian values ( Infield 1988 , Mordi 1991 , Parry and Campbell 1992 , Newmark et al. 1993 ). In these countries, local people expressed support for protected areas because national parks and related reserves protect important watersheds, generate foreign exchange, or maintain critical hydrological functions. Similarly, local people expressed support for wildlife primarily because wildlife is viewed as a source of food. However, those who held negative or neutral attitudes toward managers of protected areas did so because they felt that managers provided few services or benefits for their communities.
Thus, the documented instances of the unpopularity of ICDPs with local people (e.g., the Cross River National Park project in Nigeria; Ite 1996 ) and the overall lack of success of many ICDPs do not result from local people's opposition to conservation or protected areas per se. Rather, they are a result, in part, of the inherent limited capacity of ICDPs and—in the eyes of many local people—managers of protected areas to provide sufficient tangible incentives to alter the attitudes and behavior of local people toward the ICDPs (see, e.g., Ferraro and Kramer 1997 , McCoy and Razafindrainibe 1997 ).
A second erroneous assumption of the ICDP model is that improving the living standards of people living adjacent to protected areas will necessarily enhance conservation within the protected area ( Wells et al. 1992 , Wells 1996 ). Studies of conservation attitudes of people in South Africa ( Infield 1988 ) and Tanzania ( Newmark and Leonard 1991 , Newmark et al. 1993 ) have found a positive correlation between affluence and conservation attitudes, but it is unlikely that an improvement in the living standards of communities near protected areas will inevitably lead to enhanced long-term viability of many species within the protected areas. For example, although providing employment to local people in Zambia improved living standards and reduced hunting pressures on species in protected areas ( Lewis et al. 1990 ), such correlations do not always hold. Ferraro and Kramer (1997) found that the hiring of poachers at Ranomafana National Park in Madagascar actually increased levels of poaching because these new employees used their earnings to hire more people to expand their poaching operations. It is also unclear whether species in protected areas that are threatened indirectly by habitat loss outside of these reserves, perhaps by agricultural intensification, would be helped by an improvement in the living standards of local communities. Thus, encouraging landscape-wide compatible land use adjacent to protected areas may be more important for conserving species in protected areas than simply stimulating local economic development.
A third erroneous assumption is that buffer zones are panaceas. These management zones are promoted frequently in many ICDPs as peripheral areas where living conditions of local communities are to be enhanced through selective resource use and where habitat degradation will be reduced through habitat restoration. However, it is unclear how those goals are to be achieved: None of the ICDPS that promote the use of buffer zones have explained how an already overexploited area can be used to increase productivity and provide additional habitat for wildlife ( Little 1994 ).
Unintended social relationships.
Aside from the problems caused by problematic assumptions underlying the ICDP approach are those that stem from ICDPs' creation of unintended social relationships with local communities. In the effort to win the support of local communities for conservation, ICDPs frequently share park revenues, provide employment, or permit access to plant and animal resources. However, most provide only nominal opportunities for community-wide participation and often fail to link development benefits directly to community conservation obligations. The result is that many ICDPs may unintentionally promote dependency rather than reciprocity and have often treated local communities as recipients of aid rather than partners in development.
Inadequate knowledge about the project environment.
Finally, in our opinion, many ICDPs have had limited success because the social and ecological environment surrounding the project is often poorly understood and dynamic. This inadequate understanding of the project environment has contributed greatly to the difficulty in transferring seemingly successful components of ICDPs from one region to another. In most ICDPs, scientific input is normally limited to a “rapid” preproject ecological and social appraisal of the project area. However, these appraisals, by their very nature, have a limited capacity to capture the complex ecological and social ( Gezon 1997 ) relationships that surround most projects. Moreover, they provide a tenuous baseline for subsequent project monitoring, assessment, and adaptation.
ICDP designers are often reluctant to incorporate a significant research component into these projects. Part of this reticence stems from the crisis nature of most conservation initiatives: Research is often viewed as a hindrance to action and an expensive luxury. Yet incorporating a significant research component into ICDPs is essential if the ecological and social dynamics encompassing each project are to be accurately defined and if conservation and development are to be truly integrated.
Lessons learned
Several lessons can be drawn from our own and others' observations. One is that multiple ecological, social, political, economic, and institutional problems confront ICDPs. Not only are ICDPs themselves complex, but so is the environment in which they operate. However, ICDPs seem to rarely build in mechanisms for analyzing and adapting to these changes. Furthermore, project designers and scientists' understanding of the mechanisms governing this environment is generally inadequate. For example, little is known about the long-term primary and secondary impacts of resource harvesting on the structure and function of most tropical ecological communities. Similarly, many social scientists counsel that it is unwise to devolve total authority to local communities ( West and Brechin 1991 ), but little is known about how much authority over the use of natural resources should be transferred to local communities or how to ensure that project benefits are equitably distributed and not captured by local elites ( Lutz and Caldecott 1996 ). A second lesson, related to the first one, is that more thorough, and ongoing, ecological and social assessment and analysis is required, both during the design phase of ICDPs and during their implementation.
A third lesson is that project planners need to examine in more detail the effects of external factors such as markets, land tenure, and population growth on proposed project activities. ICDPs may need to include project components or explicit linkages to other initiatives, which address external constraints well beyond the limited geographic focus of the ICDP. For example, efforts to control commercial meat poaching in protected areas may require not only upgraded law enforcement within protected areas and improved grazing management in the buffer zones but also favorable pricing and marketing systems for domestic livestock in distant urban areas.
A fourth lesson is that although linking conservation with development may be desirable, the simultaneous achievement of these two objectives may be impossible because of inherent contradictions. In these cases, success may be enhanced by addressing each of these objectives separately but in parallel, tightly linked interventions, rather than within the same project. Decoupling these two objectives does not negate the importance of development to conservation and conservation to development; rather, it implies that protected-area organizations, which have been responsible for implementing most ICDP rural development activities so far, should delegate these activities to organizations with the appropriate mandate, expertise, and experience. The implications are that protected-area institutions should serve more as facilitators than as implementers of rural development activities, although they must work closely with local communities to attract assistance that addresses the needs of local communities without adversely affecting the protected areas. Some protected-area institutions, such as the Kenya Wildlife Service and Tanzania's Division of Wildlife, appear to have already adopted this approach for revenue-sharing schemes between protected areas and local communities, but it needs to be extended to cover the full range of development activities. Another implication of decoupling conservation and development objectives is that an ongoing mechanism is needed within ICDPs for negotiating the compromises and seeking out the win–win solutions that meet both conservation and development needs.
Future direction?
Several immediate challenges need to be addressed in designing future conservation initiatives in Africa. One is the need to develop mechanisms for ensuring that ICDPs respond to the real complexity of their ecological and social environments and that they effectively monitor, analyze, and adapt to this environment as it changes.
A second challenge is the need to assess, implement, and evaluate alternative and complementary approaches to ICDPs that address the external forces affecting ICDPs through actions such as economic and land-tenure policy reform, landscape-wide conservation planning, conflict resolution, community-based natural resources management, and enhanced management capacity of protected-area institutions. Although project experience with and evaluation of these approaches is insufficient for a rigorous assessment of their overall effectiveness in comparison to (or as complements of) ICDPs, some preliminary observations can be considered now.
Economic and land tenure policy reform . Such reforms can greatly assist in reducing external environmental pressures on protected areas, particularly external market forces and in-migration. For example, the interna-tional ban on ivory trading has significantly reduced elephant poaching throughout Africa.
Landscape-wide conservation planning . Given that most protected areas in Africa are small and that many are becoming ecologically isolated, it is important that land-use activities that are compatible with wildlife conservation be encouraged on a landscape-wide scale adjacent to protected areas, and activities that are incompatible must be actively discouraged. It is particularly important that land use be controlled within wildlife corridors linking existing protected areas as well as within wildlife dispersal zones. In most savanna ecosystems in Africa, pastoralism is considerably more compatible with wildlife conservation than agriculture; thus, efforts should be made to maintain existing pastoral systems adjacent to protected areas. Similarly, for use adjacent to protected areas in tropical forest ecosystems, native hardwood plantations and multilayer perennial agroforestry are better choices than agricultural monocultures and pastoralism ( Thiollay 1995 , Perfecto et al. 1996 , Greenberg et al. 1997 ).
Conflict resolution. Promoting dialogue between managers of protected areas and local communities, involving affected stakeholders in protected-area project planning and implementation, identifying areas of common interest between protected areas and local communities, and including community representatives on advisory management boards for protected areas can greatly assist in reducing conflicts between parks and local people ( Hough 1988 , Lewis 1996 ). Such programs are attractive not only because they are relatively easy to implement but also because they are fairly inexpensive. Recent conflict resolution initiatives in areas adjacent to the Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks in Uganda indicate that such activities can greatly reduce tensions between local communities and park authorities ( Wild and Mutebi 1996 ).
Community-Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM). Considerable success in generating compatible land-use regimes around protected areas has been claimed in Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Namibia through the use of CBNRM approaches, the most notable of which is the CAMPFIRE program ( Murphree 1993 , Metcalfe 1994 ). CBNRM differs from the normal ICDP approach in that, instead of offering development services in exchange for conservation, it devolves management responsibility for natural resources—wildlife—to local communities. Its success depends on communities seeing more value in managing their wildlife on a long-term sustainable basis than in pursuing short-term exploitation or alternative land uses. Yet a number of scientists associated with these projects believe that local communities will eventually be forced to forsake wildlife conservation for more intensive agriculture development because of demographic and social pressures ( Hackel 1999 ). Therefore, complete devolution of authority to local communities may be unwise ( West and Brechin 1991 ).
Enhancing the management capacity of protected-area institutions. The capacity of most African protected-area institutions to address complex interactions between protected areas and local communities is limited ( Hough 1994a , 1994b ). The development of scholarships, courses, exchange programs, training manuals, and technical assistance that focus on ecological and social monitoring, conflict resolution, park planning, and modern law enforcement techniques would greatly enhance the capacity of protected-area institutions to address many of the protected-area–local community conflicts.
Although ICDPs in Africa have had only limited success, we feel that a refined ICDP approach may be appropriate in some circumstances, especially when protected areas and local communities are highly codependent; that is, when local communities control the habitat abutting protected areas—habitat that is vital to the long-term viability of protected-area species and ecological processes—and protected areas control resources used historically by local communities, the use of which could be managed to be both sustainable and ecologically nondisruptive. An argument for an ICDP is compelling in this case because, unlike most of the alternative approaches discussed above, an ICDP can simultaneously address issues of conservation and development on the ground.
However, the ICDP approach needs to be both refined and enhanced. Improvements to the ICDP model include increasing flexibility and enhancing the use of adaptive management, which is a process by which management activities in a complex biophysical and social environment are monitored, evaluated, and reformulated in an iterative fashion so as to evaluate alternative hypotheses, accumulate knowledge about the system, and reassess long-term objectives ( Holling 1978 , Walters 1986 ). Central to this approach is the formulation of well-articulated objectives and the rigorous testing of management activities, which typically entails incorporating adequate samples, replicates, and controls. Additional refinements of the ICDP model should include the incorporation of a comprehensive ecological and social monitoring component; a more rigorous assessment of resource-harvesting schemes; more use of ecological and social research as a basis for identifying and addressing the ecological, social, and economic links that affect ICDPs; and the recognition that protected-area institutions need to act as facilitators of development assistance.
Obviously, effective conservation of wildlife in Africa and elsewhere will depend on the willingness and capacity of both national institutions and donors to embrace a broad package of interventions. These interventions might well be applied in conjunction with improved ICDPs on a landscape-wide scale.
We thank four anonymous reviewers for their comments.
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Efforts to link economic development with wildlife conservation date back to the 1950s in Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Shown here are a serval (Felis servalis) and Masai women in Ngorongoro Conservation Area.
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Biotechnological Advancements for Environmental Conservation in East Africa
Mohamed Said
Department of Field Crops, Erciyes University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Kayseri, Türkiye
Ahmed Dahir Isack
Department of Agribusiness Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Zamzam University of Science and Technology, Mogadishu, Somalia
Faiz Ul Hassan
Department of Soil Science, University of Layyah, Layyah, Pakistan
Add to Mendeley
The environment serves as a critical lifeline for both humanity and diverse biotic organisms, necessitating the imperative of Environmental conservation to safeguard the natural world from the deleterious impacts of human activities. This paper explores the intersection of environmental sustainability and biotechnological advancements in East Africa. In the face of global environmental challenges, the study accentuates the importance of transitioning to eco-friendly industrial processes, with biotechnological tools emerging as sustainable alternatives to traditional methods. The research delves into the multifaceted applications of biotechnology, showcasing its potential to revolutionize the preservation and rehabilitation of contaminated environments, particularly in soil and water. Groundbreaking techniques such as in vitro culture and cryopreservation are highlighted for their efficacy in collecting and conserving genetic resources, particularly for species that pose challenges when conserved as seeds. Plant biotechnology emerges as a singular solution capable of addressing agricultural and food security concerns while simultaneously mitigating environmental issues in East Africa. A pivotal aspect of the examination is the emphasis on multidisciplinary infrastructure, recognizing the need for collaborative efforts to maximize the impact of biotechnological interventions. The paper explores diverse applications, including the role of plant biotechnology in enhancing agriculture, the contributions of bioremediation in ecosystem restoration, the transformative impact of genetic engineering on agriculture, and the potential of synthetic biology in providing renewable energy solutions. The results underscore the critical role played by biotechnology in promoting environmental conservation, fostering sustainable development, and addressing the unique challenges faced by East Africa. The findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on the nexus between biotechnological innovations and environmental sustainability, providing insights that can inform policies, strategies, and collaborative initiatives aimed at achieving a harmonious balance between human activities and the natural world in the East African context.
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School Education /
Essay on Biodiversity in 500 Words for Students
Updated on
Dec 7, 2023
Essay on Biodiversity: Biodiversity refers to the variety of animals and plants in the world or a specific area. Even in today’s modern world where so many technological advances have taken place, we still rely on our natural environment and resources to survive, A healthy and vibrant ecosystem is not disturbed by human activities. We humans are the largest consumers of natural resources, and you know what? We are also a real threat to the natural environment? Biodiversity is not just about a variety of animal and plant species, but, also offers us water, climate, disease control, nutrition cycle, oxygen release, etc. According to one report released by the United Nations, around 10 lakh plant and animal species are on the verge of extinction. The worst thing is that this number is almost at a doubling rate.
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Why is Biodiversity Important?
Biodiversity supports all life forms on earth. To understand the importance of biodiversity, we don’t need to think or act like a biologist. All we need is a holistic understanding.
Biodiversity promotes resilience and stability in our ecosystem. If there is any natural disturbance in the environment, a diverse ecosystem will be able to survive and recover better.
Fields like agriculture, forestry, and medicine completely rely on biodiversity. We get genetic resources from biodiversity, which is essential for agriculture and medicine fields.
A healthy biodiversity environment means healthy humans. The medicinal drugs we use are derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms.
In many parts of the world, biodiversity is an integral part of cultural identity. Indigenous tribes are connected with their natural environment and species.
Forest areas and oceans play an important role in regulating global temperature and storing carbon dioxide.
Our environment is constantly changing and the species around it also need to adapt to for to survive. Therefore, genetic diversity within species is also important.
Natural activities like soil formation, nutrient cycling, water purification, etc, are all dependent on biodiversity.
Also Read: NCERT Solutions Class 9 Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
What is Biodiversity Loss?
Biodiversity loss means the global extinction of various species, resulting in the loss of biological diversity. One of the main factors responsible for biodiversity loss is the conversion of natural habitats into agricultural and urban areas. Cutting down forests and using the land for commercial activities results in destroying the livelihood of all the species in the region. Other factors responsible for biodiversity loss are listed below.
Overexploitation
Climate change
Global trade and transportation
Emerging diseases
Pollution
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What is Biodiversity Conservation?
Biodiversity conservation refers to the preservation of species, natural resources, and habitats from the rate of extinction. To achieve the goals of biodiversity conservation, effective management, and sustainable practices are required.
Biodiversity conservation includes protected areas like biodiversity hotspots, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries.
One of the most effective ways to conserve biodiversity is rehabilitation and restoring degraded habitats is crucial.
Promoting sustainable practices in agriculture, forestry, and other resource-dependent activities is essential for the conservation of biodiversity.
Encouraging the participation of local and indigenous communities can be one solution to achieving the goals of biodiversity conservation. Indigenous and local knowledge can contribute to effective conservation strategies.
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Quotes on Biodiversity
Here are some popular quotes on biodiversity. Feel free to add them to your writing topics related to the natural environment.
‘Look closely at nature. Every species is a masterclass, exclusively adapted to the particular environment in which it has survived. Who are we to destroy or even diminish biodiversity?’ – E O Wilson
‘Biodiversity is our most valuable but least appreciated resource.’ – E O Wilson
‘Biodiversity is the greeted treasure we have. It’s diminishment is to be prevented at all cost.’ – Thomas Eisner
‘Animal protection is education to humanity.’ – Albert Schweitzer
‘Only beautiful animals or ugly people wear fur.’ – Unknown
‘Babies and animals are the mirrors of the nature.’ – Epicurus
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Also Read: How to Prepare for UPSC in 6 Months?
Ans: Biodiversity refers to the variety of plants and animals in our natural environment or a particular region. Biodiversity supports all life forms on earth. To understand the importance of biodiversity, we don’t need to think or act like a biologist. All we need is a holistic understanding. Biodiversity promotes resilience and stability in our ecosystem. If there is any natural disturbance in the environment, a diverse ecosystem will be able to survive and recover better. Fields like agriculture, forestry, and medicine completely rely on biodiversity. We get genetic resources from biodiversity, which is essential for agriculture and medicine fields.
Ans: Biodiversity conservation refers to the preservation of species, natural resources, and habitats from the rate of extinction. To achieve the goals of biodiversity conservation, effective management, and sustainable practices are required.
Ans: Some of the popular biodiversity hotspots in India are the Himalayas, Indo-Burma, Western Ghats & Sundaland.
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Biological control using ants: current status, opportunities, and limitations.
1. Introduction
2. materials and methods, 2.1. study characterization, 2.2. search, selection, and inclusion of articles, 4. discussion, 5. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
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Author and Year
Research Aims
Coutinho, 1976 [ ]
To analyze the possible interaction of predators capable of killing the snails.
Way et al., 1989 [ ]
To analyze the role of ants as predators of Opisina arenosella Walker, 1864 eggs.
Perfecto, 1991 [ ]
To determine whether ants can be used as a sustainable pest management strategy in irrigated cornfields.
Paulson and Akre, 1992 [ ]
To evaluate the effectiveness of ants as biological control agents for sucking insects (Psyllidae).
Way and Khoo, 1992 [ ]
To evaluate the role of ants in pest management.
Ruberson et al., 1994 [ ]
Discuss the importance of ants in managing the caterpillar Spodoptera exigua (Hubner, 1808) in cotton crops.
Way, Paiva and Cammell, 1999 [ ]
To investigate the role of natural biological control by the Argentine ant Linepithema humile.Mayr, 1868, in controlling the moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775).
Shatterand Vander Meer, 2000 [ ]
To characterize the interaction between fire ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren 1972) on developing soybean plants.
Mendonça and Romanowski, 2002 [ ]
To describe the attack of parasitoids and predatory ants, considered natural enemies of Eugeniamyia dispar Maia, Mendonça-Jr., and Romanowski, 1996, during a two-year population study.
Vandermeer et al., 2002 [ ]
To evaluate the role of Azteca sp. ants as potential biological control agents on an organic coffee farm.
Kenne et al., 2003 [ ]
To study the hunting behavior of Myrmicaria opaciventris Emery, 1893 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as a biological control agent against termites.
Peng and Christian, 2004 [ ]
To evaluate the potential of weaver ants in controlling red thrips.
Rossi and Fowler, 2004 [ ]
To investigate the fauna of predatory ants present in the sugarcane fields of two sugarcane mills.
Sujii et al., 2004 [ ]
To assess whether the ant Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) could act in the biological control of nymph populations of the pasture leafhopper, Deois flavopicta Stal (Hemiptera: Cercopidae).
Queiroz, Almeida, and Pereira, 2006 [ ]
To discuss the ecological importance of ants and their conservation in agroecosystems.
Resende et al., 2006 [ ]
To describe the fauna of predatory insects, parasitoids, and ants associated with aphids on cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala D.C.) grown in an organic system.
Santos et al., 2006 [ ]
To list the main research on using biological control for the main arthropod pests of cotton in Brazil.
Knutson and Campos, 2008 [ ]
To measure the impact of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren 1972, on the abundance of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie, 1850), eggs and larvae that feed on corn ears.
Lange et al., 2008 [ ]
To evaluate the differences in the foraging activity of predatory ants between two areas, one conventional and the other with no-till systems.
Van Mele, 2008 [ ]
To show the potential of Oecophylla sp. ants as predators in tree crops.
Fernandes et al., 2010 [ ]
To evaluate the potential of predators and parasitoids for the natural biological control of pest insects and the ecological relationships between these natural enemies and pest and non-pest phytophages in bean plants.
Larsen; Philpott, 2010 [ ]
To investigate the predatory ability of twignesting ants on the main pest of coffee, the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) under different management systems in southwest Chiapas, Mexico.
Rodrigues et al., 2010 [ ]
To study the population dynamics of the aphid Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy, 1907, including predators and the interaction with ants.
Choate and Drummond, 2011 [ ]
To evaluate the positive and negative points related to the effectiveness of biological control by ants and strategies for applicability.
Wickings and Ruberson, 2011 [ ]
To examine the impact of removing Solenopsis invicta Buren 1972 from the soil community in a typical cotton agro-ecosystem.
Peng, Christian, and Reillyt, 2012 [ ]
To investigate the control potential of the bed bug Amblypelta lutescens (Distant, 1911) by the weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius, 1775.
Veríssimo, 2012 [ ]
To review the biological control of the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1888).
Chevalier et al., 2013 [ ]
To analyze the variation in the potential of ants as anti-herbivore agents in coffee plants.
Anato et al., 2015 [ ]
To investigate the efficacy of Benin’s African weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda (Latreille, 1802) biocontrol agent against cashew pests.
De la Mora; García-Ballinas; Philpott, 2015 [ ]
To study the relationships between local characteristics associated with agricultural management, landscape surroundings of farms, abundance and richness of ants, and predation services provided by ants in a tropical coffee landscape.
Offenberg, 2015 [ ]
To evaluate the potential of ants as tools in sustainable agriculture.
Milligan et al., 2016 [ ]
To investigate the removal of coffee pests by ants.
Wang et al., 2016 [ ]
Review the biology, ecology, and impact of Nylanderia fulva, and discusses the potential for sustainable and effective management through biological control.
Wickings and Ruberson, 2016 [ ]
To examine the contribution of fire ants to predation on cotton soil and foliage.
Gossler, Lange and Fernandes, 2017 [ ]
To determine if the presence of ants interferes with the abundance of herbivorous and predatory arthropods on maize plants, Zea mays L. (Poaceae).
Cologna et al., 2018 [ ]
To conduct an in-depth peptidomic analysis of the venom of Neoponera villosa Emery, 1901, and compare seasonal habitat and nesting variations using high-resolution mass spectrometry.
Diamé et al., 2018 [ ]
To review the knowledge of the roles played by ants in orchards as functional elements, and on the potential of Oecophylla weaver ants as biological control agents.
Morris et al., 2018 [ ]
To review the role of ants as biological control agents of the coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867).
Abeijon et al., 2019 [ ]
To evaluate the predation rate of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) larvae by ants, considering the level of soil compaction and soil moisture content in a peach orchard (Prunus persica, Rosaceae).
Polania, 2019 [ ]
To evaluate the invasive behavior of four ants native to South America.
Garcia et al., 2020 [ ]
To present a review of the biological control of tephritid fruit flies in the Americas and Hawaii.
Magalhães and Ferro, 2020 [ ]
To determine whether indirect defense occurs in the Caryocar brasiliense-ant system.
Anjos et al., 2021 [ ]
To review how ants affect pest abundance, considering whether the pest produces honeydew and whether it spends part of its life-cycle in the soil.
Baldwin et al., 2023 [ ]
To document the occurrence of Solenopsis invicta Buren 1972 and its potential to prey on Lepidoptera eggs in peanut and cotton crops.
Schifani et al., 2023 [ ]
To investigate the interactions between the Mediterranean ant Crematogaster scutellaris and the parasitoids Trissolcus japonicus and Trissolcus mitsukurii, assessing the possibility that the ants damage the parasitized eggs.
Exélis et al., 2023 [ ]
To demonstrate the services of the Asian weaver ant in pest management.
Martins et al., 2024 [ ]
To evaluate predatory ant richness in Conilon coffee in monoculture and intercropped with teak or Australian cedar.
Ant
Type of Biological Control
Prey
Area/Crop
Condition
Country
Impact/Efficiency
References
Dolichoderinae
Azteca sp. Forel
Cl
Pieris rapae (L.)
Coffee
Field
Mexico
Larval predation
[ ]
Co
Herbivorous arthropods
Various crops
Field
Brazil
Reduction of the pest population
[ ]
Au
Eunica bechina ((Hewitson), Edesa rufomarginata (De Geer) and Prodiplosis floricola (Felt)
Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae)
Field
Brazil
Chemical defense
[ ]
Dolichoderus sp. Lund
Co
Herbivorous pests of orchards
Fruit growing
Field
Brazil
25% reduction in infestation
[ ]
Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith)
Co
Herbivorous pests of orchards
Fruit growing
Field
Brazil
25% reduction in infestation
[ ]
Co
Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari)
Coffee
Field
USA
Reduction of the pest population
[ ]
Dorymyrmex Mayr, 1866
Co
Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius)
Sugarcane
Field
Brazil
Predation on eggs and larvae
[ ]
Cl
Termites
Conventional and no-till agriculture systems
Field
Brazil
Greater efficiency in no-till systems
[ ]
Cl
Herbivorous arthropods
Milho Zea mays L.
Field
Brazil
41.5% reduction in the pest population
[ ]
Dorymyrmex brunneus Forel
Co
Herbivores pests
Coffee
Field
Brazil
Potential predator
[ ]
Iridomyrmex rufoniger (Lowne)
Co
Citrus pests
Citrus
Field
Australia
Not informed
[ ]
Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868)
Co
Citrus pests
Citrus
Field
EUA
Not informed
[ ]
Cl
Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis & Schiffermüller)
Pinus pinaster Aiton
Field
Portugal
100% efficiency
[ ]
Tapinoma sessile (Say)
Cl
Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster)
Pear
Field
USA
Reduction of the pest population
[ ]
Technomyrmex albipes (Smith)
Cl
Opisina arenosella Walker
Coconut
Field
Sri Lanka
Egg predation
[ ]
Dorylinae
Neivamyrmex sp. Borgmeier
Cl
Anthonomus grandis Boheman
Cotton
Field
Brazil
Predation on immature stages
[ ]
Ectatomminae
Ectatomma brunneum Smith
Co
Lipaphis pseudobrassicae Davis
Brassica oleracea L.
Field
Brazil
Not informed
[ ]
Cl
Rhipicephalu (Boophilus) microplus
Pasture
Field
Brazil
Potential predator
[ ]
Cl
Anastrepha sp.
Fruit growing
Field
Brazil
Potential predator
[ ]
Co
Herbivores pests
Coffee
Field
Brazil
Potential predator
[ ]
Ectatomma edentatum Roger
Co
Herbivores pests
Coffee
Field
Brazil
Potential predator
[ ]
Ectatomma planidens Borgmeier
Cl
Termites
Conventional and no-till agriculture systems
Field
Brazil
Efficient in no-till systems
[ ]
Ectatomma ruidum (Roger)
Co
Herbivorous coffee pests
Coffee
Field
Brazil
Efficiency of 17.8%
[ ]
Ectatomma tuberculatum (Olivier)
Co
Herbivorous coffee pests
Coffee
Field
Brazil
Efficiency of 11.3%
[ ]
Co
Herbivores pests
Coffee
Field
Brazil
Potential predator
[ ]
Gnamptogenys striatula Mayr
Co
Anastrepha obliqua Macquart and Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari)
Coffee
Field
Mexico
Up to 62% efficiency
[ ]
Gnamptogenys sulcata (Smith)
Co
Herbivores pests
Coffee
Field
Brazil
Potential predator
[ ]
Formicinae
Anoplolepis sp. Santschi
Co
Herbivorous arthropods
Various crops
Field
Brazil
Reduction of pest populations
[ ]
Brachymyrmex sp. Mayr
Cl
Membracids
Coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre) and beans Guandu [Cajanus cajans (L.)]
Field
Brazil
Artificial egg predator
[ ]
Co
Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari)
Coffee
Field
USA
Reduction of pest populations
[ ]
Camponotus sp. Mayr
Cl
Nasutitermes sp.
Conventional and no-till agriculture systems
Field
Brazil
Efficient in no-till systems
[ ]
Cl
Membracids
Coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre) and beans Guandu [Cajanus cajans (L.)]
Field
Brazil
Artificial egg predator
[ ]
Au
Eunica bechina ((Hewitson), Edesa rufomarginata (De Geer) and Prodiplosis floricola (Felt)
Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae)
Field
Brazil
Chemical defense against herbivores
[ ]
Camponotus atriceps (Smith)
Co
Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius)
Sugarcane
Field
Brazil
Predation on eggs and larvae of the pest
[ ]
Camponotus crassus Mayr
Cl
Membracids
Coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre) and beans Guandu [Cajanus cajans (L.)]
Eunica bechina ((Hewitson), Edesa rufomarginata (De Geer) and Prodiplosis floricola (Felt)
Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae)
Field
Brazil
Chemical defense against herbivores
[ ]
Pseudomyrmex ejectus (Smith)
Co
Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari)
Coffee
Laboratory
Mexico
Up to 40% efficiency
[ ]
Co
Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari)
Coffee
Field
USA
Reduction in pest population
[ ]
Pseudomyrmex schuppi (Forel)
Co
Herbivores pests
Coffee
Field
Brazil
Potential predator
[ ]
Pseudomyrmex simplex (Smith)
Co
Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari)
Coffee
Laboratory
Mexico
Up to 40% efficiency
[ ]
Co
Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari)
Coffee
Field
USA
Reduction in pest population
[ ]
Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith)
Co
Herbivores pests
Coffee
Field
Brazil
Potential predator
[ ]
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Lutinski, J.A.; Lutinski, C.J.; Ortiz, A.; Zembruski, F.S.; Ripke, M.O.; Garcia, F.R.M. Biological Control Using Ants: Current Status, Opportunities, and Limitations. Agronomy 2024 , 14 , 1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071558
Lutinski JA, Lutinski CJ, Ortiz A, Zembruski FS, Ripke MO, Garcia FRM. Biological Control Using Ants: Current Status, Opportunities, and Limitations. Agronomy . 2024; 14(7):1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071558
Lutinski, Junir Antônio, Cladis Juliana Lutinski, Alécio Ortiz, Fernanda Staub Zembruski, Marcia Orth Ripke, and Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia. 2024. "Biological Control Using Ants: Current Status, Opportunities, and Limitations" Agronomy 14, no. 7: 1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071558
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Over the past half century, engaging communities situated amid areas of high biodiversity and other values of the natural world became a cornerstone of nature conservation practice. This is a dramatic change from the early days of nature conservation strategies. Previously, conservation practitioners around the world used a strict nature ...
Conservation of biodiversity is important for many reasons. Here are some of the main reasons to conserve biodiversity: Process of Food Chain: Different species of animals and plants serve as the source of food for other animals and living organisms. Thus, conserving biodiversity help to keep the food chain among the living organisms.
Tanzania is one of the most biologically diverse nations in the world. Traveling from west to east across Tanzania, one encounters an incredible array of ecosystems and species. Beginning at Lakes Victoria, Tanganyika, and Nyasa that form much of the western boundary of Tanzania, one finds the most diverse and some of the most spectacular concentrations of endemic fish in any of the world's ...
An overview of regional conservation in East Africa is given by Raymond Katebaka in Effective Biodiversity Conservation Challenges in Africa: A Case of East Africa, who illustrates just how important the natural environment is for the region's economy; he notes similar problems to those in southern Africa - in particular the need to ensure ...
PDF | On Jan 1, 2004, JC Onyango and others published Conservation of biodiversity in the East African Tropical Forest. | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
The dramatic increase in anthropogenic activity severely threatens the biodiversity and life-support services that underpin human well-being. The broadened focus of protecting ecosystem services (ESs) better aligns the interests of people and biodiversity conservation. In this study, we used species richness as a surrogate for biodiversity and mapped the key ESs in East Africa with the goal to ...
East Africa is one of the most diverse and interesting tropical area on the planet. It is home not only to the last great megafaunal assemblage, but also to human populations with the highest growth rates. This book draws on the expertise of leading ecologists, each intimately familiar with a particular set of East African ecosystems, to provide the first in-depth and integrated account of the ...
In 2010, the subject was presented in a chapter entitled "Biodiversity in the forests of Central Africa : panorama of knowledge, principal challenges and conservation measures" (Billand, 2012). By devoting a new chapter to this subject, the SOF 2013 reaffirms the importance of biodiversity and the protection of species for the sustainable ...
Coastal forests of East Africa. The coastal forests of eastern Africa stretch in a narrow strip along the coast from southern Somalia through Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique. The area is important for biological diversity as it contains many plants and animals that are found nowhere else.
Abstract: Despite wide agreement that strictly protected areas (World Conservation Union categories I-III) are the best strategy for conserving biodiversity, they are limited in extent and exclude many species of key conservation importance. In contrast, multiple‐use management areas (categories IV-VI), comprising >60% of the world's protected‐area network, are often considered of ...
Twenty-five species of mollusc (16% of the total assessed) are globally threatened. These species are mainly found in the north-eastern margins and catchment of Lake Victoria, the shores of Lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, and in the East Coast river drainages near the Kenya-Tanzania border (Figures 3.12 and 3.13).
According to their publication in the open-access journal Global Ecology and Conservation, 86% of ecoregions in East Africa have achieved the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 11 ...
Africa report and serves as a near mid-term review of progress towards the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 for the African region. This report draws on a set of regional indicators, information from fifth national reports to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), other government reports, case studies and published
Wells et al. (1992) noted that few of the 18 ICDPs they studied in Africa, Asia, and Latin America were able to demonstrate—largely because of the absence of ecological monitoring—that the development activities occurring outside of the protected areas enhanced the conservation of biological diversity within the protected areas.
Tanzania is one of the most biologically diverse nations in the world. Traveling from west to east across Tanzania, one encounters an incredible array of ecosystems and species. Beginning at Lakes Victoria, Tanganyika, and Nyasa that form much of the western boundary of Tanzania, one finds the most diverse and some of the most spectacular concentrations of endemic fish in any of the world's lakes.
Conserving Biodiversity in East African Forests. The Eastern Arc Mountains of East Africa are one of the. 17 most threatened tropical ecosystems or hotspots world-. wide. This is the first book to ...
Africa is very rich in biodiversity both in terms of ecosystems and species. However, biodiversity conservation in Africa is facing different threats. Poverty, pollution, disease, and policy failures, are some of the major concerns. Many efforts have been undertaken both by international communities as well as by African countries to conserve ...
The environment serves as a critical lifeline for both humanity and diverse biotic organisms, necessitating the imperative of Environmental conservation to safeguard the natural world from the deleterious impacts of human activities. This paper explores the intersection of environmental sustainability and biotechnological advancements in East Africa. In the face of global environmental ...
Representatives from 21 international organizations, regional sections and working groups of the Society for Conservation Biology, and 12 academics, from all continents except Antarc-tica, compiled 2291 questions of relevance to conservation of biological diversity worldwide. The questions were gathered from 761 individuals through workshops ...
Conserving biodiversity in East African forests : a study of the Eastern Arc Mountains ... 3.13 Economic Valuation of Forest Products66 -- 3.14 International Convention on Biological Diversity -- and Biodiversity Prospecting Agreements67 -- 4 Current Threats to Biodiversity 69 -- 4.1 Deforestation69 -- 4.1.1 Impact on Species Diversity70 -- 4.1 ...
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) recognizes the value of the cultural practices of traditional peoples for (a) practicing conservation and maintaining biodiversity and (b) promoting sustainable use. ... In East Africa, colonial authorities passed its first formal environmental legislations in 1888. These initial laws called for game ...
Content: This course deals in detail with aspects of ecology particularly pertinent to East Africa and conservation of biological diversity in the region. The course will use field setting sin Kenya (2023) to impart training in ecological principles critical to tropical conservation with an emphasis on research design and field research exercises.
Biodiversity loss means the global extinction of various species, resulting in the loss of biological diversity. One of the main factors responsible for biodiversity loss is the conversion of natural habitats into agricultural and urban areas. Cutting down forests and using the land for commercial activities results in destroying the livelihood ...
searchers to Africa illustrate the need for an increasingly diversified workforce. Africa's genetic diversity, past or pre-sent, remains poorly studied, with entire regions, time pe-riods, and lines of questioning left out of current scholar-ship. Historically underfunded African museums and universities safeguard the most valuable resources we
Interest in biological pest control using ants in agroforestry and agricultural systems has increased in recent decades due to the diversity and abundance of these insects in different ecosystems. Biological pest control has emerged as an alternative to reduce the impact of production on agroecosystems, and ants play a crucial role in this context. Therefore, this study aimed, based on an ...
Convertible Perfection (Fall 2017, New Gretna, New Jersey): Viking continues its dominance of the sportfishing yacht industry with the Viking 68, a four-stateroom blue-water convertible with unmatched performance, bulletproof construction, luxury interior accommodations and advanced propulsion and boat-control technologies.
Viking 68 Convertible boats for sale
2021 Viking 68 Convertible. US$5,995,000. Galati Yacht Sales | Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico. Request Info. <. 1. >. * Price displayed is based on today's currency conversion rate of the listed sales price. Boats Group does not guarantee the accuracy of conversion rates and rates may differ than those provided by financial institutions at the time of ...
Viking 68 Convertible Boat Review
The large salon and galley is open and inviting, perfect for onboard entertaining. Courtesy Viking Yacht Company Interior. The 68 follows on the heels of the company's highly successful 72 Convertible.Viking was able to incorporate a number of the popular features of the larger boat into the 68 — including the walkaround center console flybridge helm and the tournament-tested cockpit ...
Viking 68 Convertible
Viking Yachts is just as obsessed with being the best, and since it nailed the basics of convertible design long ago, it doesn't reinvent, it just refines. Take the 68 Convertible. She and the soon-to-be-introduced 64 Convertible were designed to replace—and improve upon—the 65 Convertible, which debuted at the 1999 Fort Lauderdale ...
2024 Viking 68 Convertible Sport Fishing for sale
The Viking 68 Convertible also features the attributes of all the larger Viking Yachts yet delivers the handling and efficiency of a smaller vessel. Running on Viking's proven hull shape with a 12.1-degree transom deadrise, the Viking 68 C delivers a soft ride in rough seas, with a 35-knot cruising speed and a top end approaching 40-plus knots.
2024 Viking 68 Convertible For Sale
The Viking 68 Convertible also features the attributes of all the larger Viking Yachts yet delivers the handling and efficiency of a smaller vessel. Running on Viking's proven hull shape with a 12.1-degree transom deadrise, the Viking 68 C delivers a soft ride in rough seas, with a 35-knot cruising speed and a top end approaching 40-plus knots.
2025 Viking 68 Convertible (68-055) Description. Hull 68-055 (Hull #55) is an open bridge convertible that had a commanding presence even before completion. During the initial sea trials with her twin MTU Series 12V2000 M96X that are rated at 2002MHP a piece - 68-055 ran like a true battlewagon. The cockpit onboard this 68 will surpass any ...
Viking 68 Convertible 2019 "JO-LI"
This 2019 Viking Yacht 68 Convertible has just come out of the shipyard in October 2023 and is turn key and ready to take you where ever you want. 2019 Viking 68 Convertible Disclaimer. HMY Yacht Sales, Inc. is pleased to assist you in the purchase of this vessel. This boat is centrally listed by HMY Yacht Sales - Soverel Harbour Marina.
Buy New Viking 68 Convertible Yachts For Sale
68 Viking Convertible Yacht. The 68 Convertible is a versatile and top-of-the-line yacht from Viking Yachts, designed to exceed all expectations. Its sleek and powerful appearance, featuring an aggressively raked stem, a gently sloping sheer, and a black-masked windshield, commands attention on the water. Click to View Gallery.
Viking 68 boats for sale
Find Viking 68 boats for sale in your area & across the world on YachtWorld. Offering the best selection of Viking boats to choose from. ... 68 Convertible. Model-viking-desktop. 50 Conv Sport Fisher. Model-viking-desktop. 72 Convertible. Model-viking-desktop. 44 Motor Yacht.
All About the Viking 68 Convertible: The Boat You Can't Beat
Discover the unparalleled excellence of the Viking 68 Convertible, a vessel that sets the standard for luxury and performance on the water. Find out what makes this boat a favorite among seasoned sailors and casual cruisers alike, with its state-of-the-art features and sleek design. Gain insight into the advanced technology and craftsmanship that put the Viking 68 at the forefront of the ...
2024 Viking 68 Convertible
2024 Viking 68 Convertible. Viking continues its dominance of the sportfishing yacht industry with the Viking 68, a four-stateroom blue-water convertible with unmatched performance, bulletproof construction, luxury interior accommodations and advanced propulsion and boat-control technologies. The 68 C is designed and engineered to function ...
2021 Viking 68 Convertible Plan B Yacht For Sale
4 Staterooms. 5 Heads. 2 Engines. GYS Listing. 2021 Viking 68 Convertible Plan B was built to an exceptionally high level -- this yacht is missing nothing! She features the ultimate electronics package including Omni Sonar, tuna tubes, air-conditioned mezzanine, Seakeeper, a water maker with spot zero, two ice chippers and a Willy Vac.
Yacht Review: Viking 68 Convertible
The 68 is yet another example of why Viking owns the market for big convertibles.. Overview: Finding the right superlatives to describe the Viking 68 Convertible is no easy task — Viking simply builds the best convertible sportfishing yachts in the business. Introduced in 2006 as the successor to the company's 65 Convertible, Viking designers gave the 68 an accommodation plan similar to ...
2022 Viking 68 Convertible KEMOSABE Yacht For Sale
This 2022 Viking 68 Convertible KEMOSABE Features A Layout That Is The Envy Of The Industry, Along With A Comprehensive List Of Factory, After Market, And "attention To Detail" Options That Provide For Safe And Comfortable Use And Enjoyment. This 68' Viking Has A 4-stateroom, 5-head Layout, With A Custom Galley, Garmin Electronics, And More!
Viking 68 Convertible Yacht For Sale
The 68 Convertible's well-designed layout, amenities, and engineering are ideal for tournament or long run fishing and cruising with everything needed for living aboard in comfort. Length overall (LOA) is 68'7" with 19'2" Beam and 5'5" Draft. Gross Weight is 115,306 lbs. (with standard fuel load).
Review: Viking 68 Convertible
This latest model, the 68 Convertible, combines the best of its earlier 65 and 74 convertible successes, in a yacht that sparkles with ingenuity, innovation, and amenities. V-68 cuts a swath of innovations to be noticed, all of which make Viking's new approach very special indeed. Construction was done with its new, $1 million five-axis ...
Viking Yachts 68 Convertible
The brand-new Viking Yachts 68 Convertible made its public debut at the 2018 Miami Yacht Show on Collins Avenue to an overwhelmingly positive, public response. "The 68 is another legendary boat in a long line of fishing boats in the 60-foot and 70-foot range," Viking CEO Pat Healey said in a statement about the launch of the 68C.
Viking 68 Convertible boats for sale
Find 12 Viking 68 Convertible boats for sale near you, including boat prices, photos, and more. Locate Viking boat dealers and find your boat at Boat Trader! ... 2025 Viking 68 Convertible (68-055) Request a Price. Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33004 | HMY Yacht Sales - Soverel Harbour Marina. Request Info; 2025 Viking 68 Convertible.
Here is a RARE opportunity to own a brand new 2024 Viking Yachts 68
The 68 Viking Yacht Convertible is a four-stateroom blue-water convertible with unmatched performance, bulletproof construction, luxury interior accommodations and advanced propulsion and boat-control technologies. The 68 model features four staterooms in luxurious accommodations throughout the boat.
Viking Yachts for sale
Find 327 Viking Yachts for sale near you, including boat prices, photos, and more. Locate Viking boat dealers and find your boat at Boat Trader! ... 58 Convertible, 55 Convertible and 68 Convertible models of the Viking line are some of the most widely-known. Viking Yachts Models. Viking Yachts Convertible. Viking Yachts 48 Convertible. Viking ...
Boats Gone Wild
The 68 Viking Yacht Convertible is a four-stateroom blue-water convertible with unmatched performance, bulletproof construction, luxury interior accommodations and advanced propulsion and boat-control technologies. The 68 model features four staterooms in luxurious accommodations throughout the boat. A high-gloss walnut finish decorates the ...
2025 Viking 68 Convertible Sport Fishing for sale
Description. 2025 Viking 68 Convertible. Viking continues its dominance of the sportfishing yacht industry with the announcement of the 68 C, a four-stateroom blue-water convertible with unmatched performance, bulletproof construction, luxury interior accommodations and cutting-edge propulsion and boat control technologies. The 68 C is designed ...
2025 Viking 64 Convertible, Staten Island New York
View pictures and details of this boat or search for more Viking boats for sale on boats.com. Explore. Back. Explore View All ... Viking 54 Convertible 2008 . Long Island City, New York. $1,350,000. ... Viking 72 Convertible 2025 . Staten Island, New York. Request Price. Viking 68 Enclosed Bridge 2025 . Staten Island, New York. Request Price ...
Viking 68 Convertible boats for sale
Find 28 Viking 68 Convertible boats for sale near you, including boat prices, photos, and more. Locate Viking boat dealers and find your boat at Boat Trader! ... 2025 Viking 68 Convertible (68-055) Request a Price. Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33004 | HMY Yacht Sales - Soverel Harbour Marina. Request Info; 2025 Viking 68 Convertible.
Viking Moscow to St. Petersburg: Safety??
We are looking at doing the Viking Moscow to St. Petersburg river cruise in 2020. When I checked the US State Dept. They classify Russia as a "Consider another location" due to increased terrorism against American Tourists. I would love to hear peoples thoughts as I have never been to Russia and ...
viking convertible yachts for sale
THE PRINCESS PASSPORT; Email Newsletter; Yacht Walkthroughs; Destinations; Electronics; Best Marine Electronics & Technology; Boating Safety; For Sale: Viking Yachts 68 Convertibl
![Yacht Review: Viking 68 Convertible [2006–09]](https://cdn.denisonyachtsales.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Viking-68-Convertible-2006–09.jpg "viking yachts 68 convertible")
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050[0585_CWIAIC]2.0.CO;2/5/m_i0006-3568-50-7-585-f01.jpeg?Expires=1724362391&Signature=cBGAkmTwZuHBk61JiLkZrPbrYlnfOlKPu4wb4Va~oiiWiPLEAFE4S5u0eq2N~iOoi7zp609gV4GiYELPtzrLBl5T0Ju1HyjjoGz6DF~MKetO8EkFdMaO9MgJpYkuiFSRv6t8jxgDU5R1NtWtq5Xf8R~kankfAuYt7YqJ09NTdqMz7cooB0pm~wJssLjYfFNwOwvSGULOWKzEMmkf-gegAekao8aGkP1UY-zHcsJNig~ENNEwVMD72ZzhJZ~FmDrtog6TVSYwk56HIeX9R5G~6iDfkVgDufSsIosiAQG3ZsS8Yr~hwWktUSTUgGQH3S8-ubGbjyR7drjgX0SRzTS0MQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA "an essay about conservation of biological diversity in east africa")
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![[WorldCat (this item)]](https://archive.org/images/worldcat-small.png "[WorldCat (this item)]")
IMAGES
COMMENTS
Convertible Perfection (Fall 2017, New Gretna, New Jersey): Viking continues its dominance of the sportfishing yacht industry with the Viking 68, a four-stateroom blue-water convertible with unmatched performance, bulletproof construction, luxury interior accommodations and advanced propulsion and boat-control technologies.
2021 Viking 68 Convertible. US$5,995,000. Galati Yacht Sales | Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico. Request Info. <. 1. >. * Price displayed is based on today's currency conversion rate of the listed sales price. Boats Group does not guarantee the accuracy of conversion rates and rates may differ than those provided by financial institutions at the time of ...
The large salon and galley is open and inviting, perfect for onboard entertaining. Courtesy Viking Yacht Company Interior. The 68 follows on the heels of the company's highly successful 72 Convertible.Viking was able to incorporate a number of the popular features of the larger boat into the 68 — including the walkaround center console flybridge helm and the tournament-tested cockpit ...
Viking Yachts is just as obsessed with being the best, and since it nailed the basics of convertible design long ago, it doesn't reinvent, it just refines. Take the 68 Convertible. She and the soon-to-be-introduced 64 Convertible were designed to replace—and improve upon—the 65 Convertible, which debuted at the 1999 Fort Lauderdale ...
The Viking 68 Convertible also features the attributes of all the larger Viking Yachts yet delivers the handling and efficiency of a smaller vessel. Running on Viking's proven hull shape with a 12.1-degree transom deadrise, the Viking 68 C delivers a soft ride in rough seas, with a 35-knot cruising speed and a top end approaching 40-plus knots.
The Viking 68 Convertible also features the attributes of all the larger Viking Yachts yet delivers the handling and efficiency of a smaller vessel. Running on Viking's proven hull shape with a 12.1-degree transom deadrise, the Viking 68 C delivers a soft ride in rough seas, with a 35-knot cruising speed and a top end approaching 40-plus knots.
2025 Viking 68 Convertible (68-055) Description. Hull 68-055 (Hull #55) is an open bridge convertible that had a commanding presence even before completion. During the initial sea trials with her twin MTU Series 12V2000 M96X that are rated at 2002MHP a piece - 68-055 ran like a true battlewagon. The cockpit onboard this 68 will surpass any ...
This 2019 Viking Yacht 68 Convertible has just come out of the shipyard in October 2023 and is turn key and ready to take you where ever you want. 2019 Viking 68 Convertible Disclaimer. HMY Yacht Sales, Inc. is pleased to assist you in the purchase of this vessel. This boat is centrally listed by HMY Yacht Sales - Soverel Harbour Marina.
68 Viking Convertible Yacht. The 68 Convertible is a versatile and top-of-the-line yacht from Viking Yachts, designed to exceed all expectations. Its sleek and powerful appearance, featuring an aggressively raked stem, a gently sloping sheer, and a black-masked windshield, commands attention on the water. Click to View Gallery.
Find Viking 68 boats for sale in your area & across the world on YachtWorld. Offering the best selection of Viking boats to choose from. ... 68 Convertible. Model-viking-desktop. 50 Conv Sport Fisher. Model-viking-desktop. 72 Convertible. Model-viking-desktop. 44 Motor Yacht.
Discover the unparalleled excellence of the Viking 68 Convertible, a vessel that sets the standard for luxury and performance on the water. Find out what makes this boat a favorite among seasoned sailors and casual cruisers alike, with its state-of-the-art features and sleek design. Gain insight into the advanced technology and craftsmanship that put the Viking 68 at the forefront of the ...
2024 Viking 68 Convertible. Viking continues its dominance of the sportfishing yacht industry with the Viking 68, a four-stateroom blue-water convertible with unmatched performance, bulletproof construction, luxury interior accommodations and advanced propulsion and boat-control technologies. The 68 C is designed and engineered to function ...
4 Staterooms. 5 Heads. 2 Engines. GYS Listing. 2021 Viking 68 Convertible Plan B was built to an exceptionally high level -- this yacht is missing nothing! She features the ultimate electronics package including Omni Sonar, tuna tubes, air-conditioned mezzanine, Seakeeper, a water maker with spot zero, two ice chippers and a Willy Vac.
The 68 is yet another example of why Viking owns the market for big convertibles.. Overview: Finding the right superlatives to describe the Viking 68 Convertible is no easy task — Viking simply builds the best convertible sportfishing yachts in the business. Introduced in 2006 as the successor to the company's 65 Convertible, Viking designers gave the 68 an accommodation plan similar to ...
This 2022 Viking 68 Convertible KEMOSABE Features A Layout That Is The Envy Of The Industry, Along With A Comprehensive List Of Factory, After Market, And "attention To Detail" Options That Provide For Safe And Comfortable Use And Enjoyment. This 68' Viking Has A 4-stateroom, 5-head Layout, With A Custom Galley, Garmin Electronics, And More!
The 68 Convertible's well-designed layout, amenities, and engineering are ideal for tournament or long run fishing and cruising with everything needed for living aboard in comfort. Length overall (LOA) is 68'7" with 19'2" Beam and 5'5" Draft. Gross Weight is 115,306 lbs. (with standard fuel load).
This latest model, the 68 Convertible, combines the best of its earlier 65 and 74 convertible successes, in a yacht that sparkles with ingenuity, innovation, and amenities. V-68 cuts a swath of innovations to be noticed, all of which make Viking's new approach very special indeed. Construction was done with its new, $1 million five-axis ...
The brand-new Viking Yachts 68 Convertible made its public debut at the 2018 Miami Yacht Show on Collins Avenue to an overwhelmingly positive, public response. "The 68 is another legendary boat in a long line of fishing boats in the 60-foot and 70-foot range," Viking CEO Pat Healey said in a statement about the launch of the 68C.
Find 12 Viking 68 Convertible boats for sale near you, including boat prices, photos, and more. Locate Viking boat dealers and find your boat at Boat Trader! ... 2025 Viking 68 Convertible (68-055) Request a Price. Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33004 | HMY Yacht Sales - Soverel Harbour Marina. Request Info; 2025 Viking 68 Convertible.
The 68 Viking Yacht Convertible is a four-stateroom blue-water convertible with unmatched performance, bulletproof construction, luxury interior accommodations and advanced propulsion and boat-control technologies. The 68 model features four staterooms in luxurious accommodations throughout the boat.
Find 327 Viking Yachts for sale near you, including boat prices, photos, and more. Locate Viking boat dealers and find your boat at Boat Trader! ... 58 Convertible, 55 Convertible and 68 Convertible models of the Viking line are some of the most widely-known. Viking Yachts Models. Viking Yachts Convertible. Viking Yachts 48 Convertible. Viking ...
The 68 Viking Yacht Convertible is a four-stateroom blue-water convertible with unmatched performance, bulletproof construction, luxury interior accommodations and advanced propulsion and boat-control technologies. The 68 model features four staterooms in luxurious accommodations throughout the boat. A high-gloss walnut finish decorates the ...
Description. 2025 Viking 68 Convertible. Viking continues its dominance of the sportfishing yacht industry with the announcement of the 68 C, a four-stateroom blue-water convertible with unmatched performance, bulletproof construction, luxury interior accommodations and cutting-edge propulsion and boat control technologies. The 68 C is designed ...
View pictures and details of this boat or search for more Viking boats for sale on boats.com. Explore. Back. Explore View All ... Viking 54 Convertible 2008 . Long Island City, New York. $1,350,000. ... Viking 72 Convertible 2025 . Staten Island, New York. Request Price. Viking 68 Enclosed Bridge 2025 . Staten Island, New York. Request Price ...
Find 28 Viking 68 Convertible boats for sale near you, including boat prices, photos, and more. Locate Viking boat dealers and find your boat at Boat Trader! ... 2025 Viking 68 Convertible (68-055) Request a Price. Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33004 | HMY Yacht Sales - Soverel Harbour Marina. Request Info; 2025 Viking 68 Convertible.
We are looking at doing the Viking Moscow to St. Petersburg river cruise in 2020. When I checked the US State Dept. They classify Russia as a "Consider another location" due to increased terrorism against American Tourists. I would love to hear peoples thoughts as I have never been to Russia and ...
THE PRINCESS PASSPORT; Email Newsletter; Yacht Walkthroughs; Destinations; Electronics; Best Marine Electronics & Technology; Boating Safety; For Sale: Viking Yachts 68 Convertibl